PDF herunterladen
CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · Journal of Digestive Endoscopy 2021; 12(02): 093-102
DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1731626
Review Article

Optional Management of Achalasia in 2021: Dilatation or Myotomy

Zaheer Nabi 
1   Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
,
Mohan Ramchandani
1   Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
,
D. Nageshwar Reddy
1   Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
› Institutsangaben Funding The authors (Z.N., M.R., D.N.R) received no funding or support for this manuscript.
› Weitere Informationen
Auch verfügbar auf
   Lizenzen und Reprints

Abstract

Achalasia cardia is a primary motility disorder of the esophagus, defined by lack of normal esophageal peristalsis along with inadequate relaxation of lower esophageal sphincter . The mainstay of management in achalasia includes pneumatic dilatation, Heller’s myotomy and peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM). Pneumatic dilatation and Heller’s myotomy have gained maturity over several decades. The current best practice with regard to pneumatic dilatation is graded and on-demand dilatation in appropriately selected cases with type I and II achalasia. Laparoscopic Heller’s myotomy plus partial fundoplication is minimally invasive with reduced postoperative reflux and has virtually replaced open Heller’s myotomy with or without fundoplication. The subtyping of achalasia using high-resolution manometry bears prognostic significance and may help in choosing appropriate therapeutic modality in these patients. Since all the three modalities are effective for type I and II achalasia, the choice among these depends on the availability, expertise, and patient’s preferences. On the other hand, POEM is more effective than pneumatic dilatation and Heller’s myotomy and, therefore, preferred in type III achalasia. Although POEM is effective across the spectrum of esophageal motility disorders, the incidence of gastroesophageal reflux is high and needs to be considered while choosing among various options in these patients. In cases with failed POEM, redo POEM appears to be effective in alleviating symptoms.

Keywords

esophagus - achalasia - endoscopy - treatment - Heller’s myotomy - per-oral endoscopic myotomy


Publikationsverlauf

Artikel online veröffentlicht:
16. August 2021

© 2021. Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy of India. This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial-License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commercial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
A-12, 2nd Floor, Sector 2, Noida-201301 UP, India

 

  • References

  • 1 Roman S, Huot L, Zerbib F. et al. High-resolution manometry improves the diagnosis of esophageal motility disorders in patients with dysphagia: a randomized multicenter study. Am J Gastroenterol 2016; 111 (03) 372-380
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 2 Samo S, Carlson DA, Gregory DL, Gawel SH, Pandolfino JE, Kahrilas PJ. Incidence and prevalence of achalasia in Central Chicago, 2004-2014, since the widespread use of high-resolution manometry. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 15 (03) 366-373
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 3 Rieder E, Fernandez-Becker NQ, Sarosiek J, Guillaume A, Azagury DE, Clarke JO. Achalasia: physiology and diagnosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1482 (01) 85-94
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 4 Yadlapati R, Kahrilas PJ, Fox MR. et al. Esophageal motility disorders on high-resolution manometry: Chicago classification version 4.0©. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2021; 33 (01) e14058
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 5 Carlson DA, Kahrilas PJ, Lin Z. et al. Evaluation of esophageal motility utilizing the functional lumen imaging probe. Am J Gastroenterol 2016; 111 (12) 1726-1735
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 6 Ponds FA, Bredenoord AJ, Kessing BF, Smout AJ. Esophagogastric junction distensibility identifies achalasia subgroup with manometrically normal esophagogastric junction relaxation. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2017; 29 (01) 29
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 7 Weusten BLAM, Barret M, Bredenoord AJ. et al. Endoscopic management of gastrointestinal motility disorders - part 1: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Guideline. Endoscopy 2020; 52 (06) 498-515
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 8 van Hoeij FB, Prins LI, Smout AJPM, Bredenoord AJ. Efficacy and safety of pneumatic dilation in achalasia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2019; 31 (07) e13548
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 9 Schnurre L, Murray FR, Schindler V. et al. Short-term outcome after singular hydraulic EsoFLIP dilation in patients with achalasia: a feasibility study. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2020; 32 (09) e13864
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 10 Kappelle WF, Bogte A, Siersema PD. Hydraulic dilation with a shape-measuring balloon in idiopathic achalasia: a feasibility study. Endoscopy 2015; 47 (11) 1028-1034
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 11 Vela MF, Richter JE, Khandwala F. et al. The long-term efficacy of pneumatic dilatation and Heller myotomy for the treatment of achalasia. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006; 4 (05) 580-587
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 12 Boeckxstaens GE, Annese V, des Varannes SB. et al. European Achalasia Trial Investigators. Pneumatic dilation versus laparoscopic Heller’s myotomy for idiopathic achalasia. N Engl J Med 2011; 364 (19) 1807-1816
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 13 Hulselmans M, Vanuytsel T, Degreef T. et al. Long-term outcome of pneumatic dilation in the treatment of achalasia. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 8 (01) 30-35
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 14 Moonen A, Annese V, Belmans A. et al. Long-term results of the European achalasia trial: a multicentre randomised controlled trial comparing pneumatic dilation versus laparoscopic Heller myotomy. Gut 2016; 65 (05) 732-739
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 15 Zerbib F, Thétiot V, Richy F, Benajah DA, Message L, Lamouliatte H. Repeated pneumatic dilations as long-term maintenance therapy for esophageal achalasia. Am J Gastroenterol 2006; 101 (04) 692-697
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 16 Bravi I, Nicita MT, Duca P. et al. A pneumatic dilation strategy in achalasia: prospective outcome and effects on oesophageal motor function in the long term. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 31 (06) 658-665
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 17 Müller M, Keck C, Eckardt AJ. et al. Outcomes of pneumatic dilation in achalasia: Extended follow-up of more than 25 years with a focus on manometric subtypes. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 33 (05) 1067-1074
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 18 Felix VN. Results of pneumatic dilation in treating achalasia: predictive factors. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018; 1434 (01) 124-131
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 19 Pratap N, Kalapala R, Darisetty S. et al. Achalasia cardia subtyping by high-resolution manometry predicts the therapeutic outcome of pneumatic balloon dilatation. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2011; 17 (01) 48-53
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 20 Pandolfino JE, Kwiatek MA, Nealis T, Bulsiewicz W, Post J, Kahrilas PJ. Achalasia: a new clinically relevant classification by high-resolution manometry. Gastroenterology 2008; 135 (05) 1526-1533
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 21 Wu PI, Szczesniak MM, Craig PI. et al. Novel intra-procedural distensibility measurement accurately predicts immediate outcome of pneumatic dilatation for idiopathic achalasia. Am J Gastroenterol 2018; 113 (02) 205-212
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 22 Vanuytsel T, Lerut T, Coosemans W. et al. Conservative management of esophageal perforations during pneumatic dilation for idiopathic esophageal achalasia. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 10 (02) 142-149
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 23 Ghoshal UC, Karyampudi A, Verma A. et al. Perforation following pneumatic dilation of achalasia cardia in a university hospital in northern India: A two-decade experience. Indian J Gastroenterol 2018; 37 (04) 347-352
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 24 Richards WO, Torquati A, Holzman MD. et al. Heller myotomy versus Heller myotomy with Dor fundoplication for achalasia: a prospective randomized double-blind clinical trial. Ann Surg 2004; 240 (03) 405-412
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 25 Csendes A, Braghetto I, Burdiles P, Korn O, Csendes P, Henríquez A. Very late results of esophagomyotomy for patients with achalasia: clinical, endoscopic, histologic, manometric, and acid reflux studies in 67 patients for a mean follow-up of 190 months. Ann Surg 2006; 243 (02) 196-203
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 26 Ortiz A, de Haro LF, Parrilla P. et al. Very long-term objective evaluation of heller myotomy plus posterior partial fundoplication in patients with achalasia of the cardia. Ann Surg 2008; 247 (02) 258-264
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 27 Csendes A, Orellana O, Figueroa M, Lanzarini E, Panza B. Long-term (17 years) subjective and objective evaluation of the durability of laparoscopic Heller esophagomyotomy in patients with achalasia of the esophagus (90% of follow-up): a real challenge to POEM. Surg Endosc 2021;
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 28 Zaninotto G, Costantini M, Rizzetto C. et al. Four hundred laparoscopic myotomies for esophageal achalasia: a single centre experience. Ann Surg 2008; 248 (06) 986-993
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 29 Fernandez-Ananin S, Fernández AF, Balagué C, Sacoto D, Targarona EM. What to do when Heller’s myotomy fails? Pneumatic dilatation, laparoscopic remyotomy or peroral endoscopic myotomy: A systematic review. J Minim Access Surg 2018; 14 (03) 177-184
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 30 Finley CJ, Kondra J, Clifton J, Yee J, Finley R. Factors associated with postoperative symptoms after laparoscopic Heller myotomy. Ann Thorac Surg 2010; 89 (02) 392-396
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 31 Salvador R, Costantini M, Zaninotto G. et al. The preoperative manometric pattern predicts the outcome of surgical treatment for esophageal achalasia. J Gastrointest Surg 2010; 14 (11) 1635-1645
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 32 Torquati A, Richards WO, Holzman MD, Sharp KW. Laparoscopic myotomy for achalasia: predictors of successful outcome after 200 cases. Ann Surg 2006; 243 (05) 587-591
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 33 Khajanchee YS, Kanneganti S, Leatherwood AE, Hansen PD, Swanström LL. Laparoscopic Heller myotomy with Toupet fundoplication: outcomes predictors in 121 consecutive patients. Arch Surg 2005; 140 (09) 827-833
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 34 Oelschlager BK, Chang L, Pellegrini CA. Improved outcome after extended gastric myotomy for achalasia. Arch Surg 2003; 138 (05) 490-495
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 35 Campos GM, Vittinghoff E, Rabl C. et al. Endoscopic and surgical treatments for achalasia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Surg 2009; 249 (01) 45-57
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 36 Sumiyama K, Gostout CJ, Rajan E, Bakken TA, Knipschield MA, Marler RJ. Submucosal endoscopy with mucosal flap safety valve. Gastrointest Endosc 2007; 65 (04) 688-694
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 37 Pasricha PJ, Hawari R, Ahmed I. et al. Submucosal endoscopic esophageal myotomy: a novel experimental approach for the treatment of achalasia. Endoscopy 2007; 39 (09) 761-764
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 38 Ramchandani M, Nageshwar Reddy D, Darisetty S. et al. Peroral endoscopic myotomy for achalasia cardia: treatment analysis and follow up of over 200 consecutive patients at a single center. Dig Endosc 2016; 28 (01) 19-26
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 39 Shiwaku H, Inoue H, Onimaru M. et al. Multicenter collaborative retrospective evaluation of peroral endoscopic myotomy for esophageal achalasia: analysis of data from more than 1300 patients at eight facilities in Japan. Surg Endosc 2020; 34 (01) 464-468
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 40 Shiwaku H, Inoue H, Sato H. et al. Peroral endoscopic myotomy for achalasia: a prospective multicenter study in Japan. Gastrointest Endosc 2020; 91 (05) 1037-1044.e2
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 41 Guo H, Yang H, Zhang X. et al. Long-term outcomes of peroral endoscopic myotomy for patients with achalasia: a retrospective single-center study. Dis Esophagus 2017; 30 (05) 1-6
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 42 Li QL, Wu QN, Zhang XC. et al. Outcomes of per-oral endoscopic myotomy for treatment of esophageal achalasia with a median follow-up of 49 months. Gastrointest Endosc 2018; 87 (06) 1405-1412.e3
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 43 Teitelbaum EN, Dunst CM, Reavis KM. et al. Clinical outcomes five years after POEM for treatment of primary esophageal motility disorders. Surg Endosc 2018; 32 (01) 421-427
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 44 He C, Li M, Lu B. et al. Long-term efficacy of peroral endoscopic myotomy for patients with achalasia: outcomes with a median follow-up of 36 months. Dig Dis Sci 2019; 64 (03) 803-810
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 45 Brewer Gutierrez OI, Moran RA, Familiari P. et al. Long-term outcomes of per-oral endoscopic myotomy in achalasia patients with a minimum follow-up of 4 years: a multicenter study. Endosc Int Open 2020; 8 (05) E650-E655
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 46 McKay SC, Dunst CM, Sharata AM. et al. POEM: clinical outcomes beyond 5 years. Surg Endosc 2021;
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 47 Nabi Z, Ramchandani M, Chavan R. et al. Peroral endoscopic myotomy in treatment-naïve achalasia patients versus prior treatment failure cases. Endoscopy 2018; 50 (04) 358-370
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 48 Ngamruengphong S, Inoue H, Ujiki MB. et al. Efficacy and safety of peroral endoscopic myotomy for treatment of achalasia after failed Heller myotomy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 15 (10) 1531-1537.e3
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 49 Tyberg A, Sharaiha RZ, Familiari P. et al. Peroral endoscopic myotomy as salvation technique post-Heller: International experience. Dig Endosc 2018; 30 (01) 52-56
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 50 Zhang X, Modayil RJ, Friedel D. et al. Per-oral endoscopic myotomy in patients with or without prior Heller’s myotomy: comparing long-term outcomes in a large U.S. single-center cohort (with videos). Gastrointest Endosc 2018; 87 (04) 972-985
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 51 Huang Z, Cui Y, Li Y, Chen M, Xing X. Peroral endoscopic myotomy for patients with achalasia with previous Heller myotomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastrointest Endosc 2021; 93 (01) 47-56.e5
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 52 Jung HK, Hong SJ, Lee OY. et al. Korean Society of Neurogastroenterology and Motility. 2019 Seoul Consensus on Esophageal Achalasia Guidelines. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2020; 26 (02) 180-203
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 53 Oude Nijhuis RAB, Zaninotto G, Roman S. et al. European guidelines on achalasia: United European Gastroenterology and European Society of Neurogastroenterology and Motility recommendations. United European Gastroenterol J 2020; 8 (01) 13-33
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 54 Khashab MA, Vela MF, Thosani N. et al. ASGE guideline on the management of achalasia. Gastrointest Endosc 2020; 91 (02) 213-227.e6
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 55 Vaezi MF, Pandolfino JE, Yadlapati RH, Greer KB, Kavitt RT. ACG Clinical Guidelines: Diagnosis and Management of Achalasia. Am J Gastroenterol 2020; 115 (09) 1393-1411
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 56 Tyberg A, Seewald S, Sharaiha RZ. et al. A multicenter international registry of redo per-oral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) after failed POEM. Gastrointest Endosc 2017; 85 (06) 1208-1211
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 57 van Hoeij FB, Ponds FA, Werner Y. et al. Management of recurrent symptoms after per-oral endoscopic myotomy in achalasia. Gastrointest Endosc 2018; 87 (01) 95-101
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 58 Ichkhanian Y, Assis D, Familiari P. et al. Management of patients after failed peroral endoscopic myotomy: a multicenter study. Endoscopy 2020 /a-1312-049
  • 59 Ren Y, Tang X, Chen Y. et al. Pre-treatment Eckardt score is a simple factor for predicting one-year peroral endoscopic myotomy failure in patients with achalasia. Surg Endosc 2017; 31 (08) 3234-3241
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 60 Urakami S, Abe H, Tanaka S. et al. Development of a preoperative risk-scoring system for predicting poor responders to peroral endoscopic myotomy. Gastrointest Endosc 2021; 93 (02) 398-405
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 61 Liu XY, Cheng J, Chen WF. et al. A risk-scoring system to predict clinical failure for patients with achalasia after peroral endoscopic myotomy. Gastrointest Endosc 2020; 91 (01) 33-40.e1
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 62 Hirano I, Pandolfino JE, Boeckxstaens GE. Functional Lumen Imaging Probe for the Management of Esophageal Disorders: Expert Review From the Clinical Practice Updates Committee of the AGA Institute. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 15 (03) 325-334
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 63 Donnan EN, Pandolfino JE. Applying the functional luminal imaging probe to esophageal disorders. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2020; 22 (03) 10
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 64 Su B, Callahan ZM, Novak S, Kuchta K, Ujiki MB. Using impedance planimetry (EndoFLIP) to evaluate myotomy and predict outcomes after surgery for achalasia. J Gastrointest Surg 2020; 24 (04) 964-971
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 65 Attaar M, Su B, Wong HJ. et al. Intraoperative impedance planimetry (EndoFLIP) results and development of esophagitis in patients undergoing peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM). Surg Endosc 2020;
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 66 Nabi Z, Reddy DN, Ramchandani M. Adverse events during and after per-oral endoscopic myotomy: prevention, diagnosis, and management. Gastrointest Endosc 2018; 87 (01) 4-17
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 67 Reddy CA, Tavakkoli A, Abdul-Hussein M. et al. The clinical impact of routine esophagram after peroral endoscopic myotomy. Gastrointest Endosc 2020; 93 (01) 102-106
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 68 Kumbhari V, Familiari P, Bjerregaard NC. et al. Gastroesophageal reflux after peroral endoscopic myotomy: a multicenter case-control study. Endoscopy 2017; 49 (07) 634-642
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 69 Nabi Z, Ramchandani M, Reddy DN. Per-oral endoscopic myotomy and gastroesophageal reflux: Where do we stand after a decade of “POETRY”?. Indian J Gastroenterol 2019; 38 (04) 287-294
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 70 Nabi Z, Ramchandani M, Kotla R. et al. Gastroesophageal reflux disease after peroral endoscopic myotomy is unpredictable, but responsive to proton pump inhibitor therapy: a large, single-center study. Endoscopy 2020; 52 (08) 643-651
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 71 Ramirez M, Zubieta C, Ciotola F. et al. Per oral endoscopic myotomy vs. laparoscopic Heller myotomy, does gastric extension length matter?. Surg Endosc 2018; 32 (01) 282-288
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 72 Grimes KL, Bechara R, Shimamura Y. et al. Gastric myotomy length affects severity but not rate of post-procedure reflux: 3-year follow-up of a prospective randomized controlled trial of double-scope per-oral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) for esophageal achalasia. Surg Endosc 2020; 34 (07) 2963-2968
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 73 Tanaka S, Toyonaga T, Kawara F. et al. Novel per-oral endoscopic myotomy method preserving oblique muscle using two penetrating vessels as anatomic landmarks reduces postoperative gastroesophageal reflux. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 34 (12) 2158-2163
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 74 Inoue H, Shiwaku H, Kobayashi Y. et al. Statement for gastroesophageal reflux disease after peroral endoscopic myotomy from an international multicenter experience. Esophagus 2020; 17 (01) 3-10
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 75 Harvey PR, Coupland B, Mytton J, Evison F, Patel P, Trudgill NJ. Outcomes of pneumatic dilatation and Heller’s myotomy for achalasia in England between 2005 and 2016. Gut 2019; 68 (07) 1146-1151
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 76 Meng F, Li P, Wang Y. et al. Peroral endoscopic myotomy compared with pneumatic dilation for newly diagnosed achalasia. Surg Endosc 2017; 31 (11) 4665-4672
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 77 Kim GH, Jung KW, Jung HY. et al. Superior clinical outcomes of peroral endoscopic myotomy compared with balloon dilation in all achalasia subtypes. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 34 (04) 659-665
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 78 Zheng Z, Zhao C, Su S. et al. Peroral endoscopic myotomy versus pneumatic dilation - result from a retrospective study with 1-year follow-up. Z Gastroenterol 2019; 57 (03) 304-311
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 79 Ponds FA, Fockens P, Lei A. et al. Effect of peroral endoscopic myotomy vs pneumatic dilation on symptom severity and treatment outcomes among treatment-naive patients with achalasia: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2019; 322 (02) 134-144
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 80 Werner YB, Hakanson B, Martinek J. et al. Endoscopic or surgical myotomy in patients with idiopathic achalasia. N Engl J Med 2019; 381 (23) 2219-2229
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 81 Bhayani NH, Kurian AA, Dunst CM, Sharata AM, Rieder E, Swanstrom LL. A comparative study on comprehensive, objective outcomes of laparoscopic Heller myotomy with per-oral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) for achalasia. Ann Surg 2014; 259 (06) 1098-1103
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 82 Kumagai K, Tsai JA, Thorell A, Lundell L, Håkanson B. Per-oral endoscopic myotomy for achalasia. Are results comparable to laparoscopic Heller myotomy?. Scand J Gastroenterol 2015; 50 (05) 505-512
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 83 Chan SM, Wu JC, Teoh AY. et al. Comparison of early outcomes and quality of life after laparoscopic Heller’s cardiomyotomy to peroral endoscopic myotomy for treatment of achalasia. Dig Endosc 2016; 28 (01) 27-32
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 84 Schneider AM, Louie BE, Warren HF, Farivar AS, Schembre DB, Aye RW. A Matched comparison of per oral endoscopic myotomy to laparoscopic Heller myotomy in the treatment of achalasia. J Gastrointest Surg 2016; 20 (11) 1789-1796
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 85 Docimo Jr S, Mathew A, Shope AJ, Winder JS, Haluck RS, Pauli EM. Reduced postoperative pain scores and narcotic use favor per-oral endoscopic myotomy over laparoscopic Heller myotomy. Surg Endosc 2017; 31 (02) 795-800
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 86 Hanna AN, Datta J, Ginzberg S, Dasher K, Ginsberg GG, Dempsey DT. Laparoscopic Heller myotomy vs per oral endoscopic myotomy: patient-reported outcomes at a single institution. J Am Coll Surg 2018; 226 (04) 465-472.e1
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 87 Shea GE, Johnson MK, Venkatesh M. et al. Long-term dysphagia resolution following POEM versus Heller myotomy for achalasia patients. Surg Endosc 2020; 34 (04) 1704-1711
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 88 Wirsching A, Boshier PR, Klevebro F. et al. Comparison of costs and short-term clinical outcomes of per-oral endoscopic myotomy and laparoscopic Heller myotomy. Am J Surg 2019; 218 (04) 706-711
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 89 Podboy AJ, Hwang JH, Rivas H. et al. Long-term outcomes of per-oral endoscopic myotomy compared to laparoscopic Heller myotomy for achalasia: a single-center experience. Surg Endosc 2021; 35 (02) 792-801
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 90 Kumbhari V, Tieu AH, Onimaru M. et al. Peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) vs laparoscopic Heller myotomy (LHM) for the treatment of Type III achalasia in 75 patients: a multicenter comparative study. Endosc Int Open 2015; 3 (03) E195-E201
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 91 Khan MA, Kumbhari V, Ngamruengphong S. et al. Is POEM the answer for management of spastic esophageal disorders? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Dig Dis Sci 2017; 62 (01) 35-44
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 92 Zhang W, Linghu EQ. Peroral endoscopic myotomy for type III achalasia of Chicago Classification: outcomes with a minimum follow-up of 24 months. J Gastrointest Surg 2017; 21 (05) 785-791
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 93 Albers D, Frieling T, Dakkak D. et al. Peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) is effective in treatment of noncardiac chest pain caused by hypercontractile esophageal motility disorders: results of the POEM-HYPE-Study. Z Gastroenterol 2018; 56 (11) 1337-1342
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 94 Khashab MA, Familiari P, Draganov PV. et al. Peroral endoscopic myotomy is effective and safe in non-achalasia esophageal motility disorders: an international multicenter study. Endosc Int Open 2018; 6 (08) E1031-E1036
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 95 Chandan S, Mohan BP, Chandan OC. et al. Clinical efficacy of per-oral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) for spastic esophageal disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Surg Endosc 2019; 34 (02) 707-718
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 96 Filicori F, Dunst CM, Sharata A. et al. Long-term outcomes following POEM for non-achalasia motility disorders of the esophagus. Surg Endosc 2019; 33 (05) 1632-1639
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 97 Kane ED, Budhraja V, Desilets DJ, Romanelli JR. Myotomy length informed by high-resolution esophageal manometry (HREM) results in improved per-oral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) outcomes for type III achalasia. Surg Endosc 2019; 33 (03) 886-894
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 98 Bernardot L, Roman S, Barret M. et al. Efficacy of per-oral endoscopic myotomy for the treatment of non-achalasia esophageal motor disorders. Surg Endosc 2020; 34 (12) 5508-5515
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 99 Nabi Z, Chavan R, Ramchandani M. et al. Long-term outcomes of per-oral endoscopic myotomy in spastic esophageal motility disorders: a large, single-center study. J Clin Gastroenterol 2020
  • 100 Andolfi C, Fisichella PM. Meta-analysis of clinical outcome after treatment for achalasia based on manometric subtypes. Br J Surg 2019; 106 (04) 332-341
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 101 Costantini A, Familiari P, Costantini M. et al. Poem versus laparoscopic Heller myotomy in the treatment of esophageal achalasia: a case-control study from two high volume centers using the propensity score. J Gastrointest Surg 2020; 24 (03) 505-515
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar