Subscribe to RSS
Please copy the URL and add it into your RSS Feed Reader.
https://www.thieme-connect.de/rss/thieme/en/10.1055-s-00000051.xml
Semin Plast Surg 2021; 35(03): 141-144
DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1731791
DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1731791
Review Article
Wound Healing: A Comprehensive Review
Abstract
Wound healing is an intricate, tightly regulated process that is critical to maintaining the barrier function of skin along with preserving all other skin functions. This process can be influenced by a variety of modifiable and nonmodifiable factors. As wound healing takes place in all parts of the human body, this review focuses on cutaneous wound healing and highlights the classical wound healing phases. Alterations in any of these phases can promote chronic wound development and may impede wound healing.
Publication History
Article published online:
15 July 2021
© 2021. Thieme. All rights reserved.
Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc.
333 Seventh Avenue, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10001, USA
-
References
- 1 Swann G. The skin is the body's largest organ. J Vis Commun Med 2010; 33 (04) 148-149
- 2 Nussbaum SR, Carter MJ, Fife CE. et al. An economic evaluation of the impact, cost, and medicare policy implications of chronic nonhealing wounds. Value Health 2018; 21 (01) 27-32
- 3 Sen CK. Human wounds and its burden: an updated compendium of estimates. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2019; 8 (02) 39-48
- 4 Chhabra S, Chhabra N, Kaur A, Gupta N. Wound healing concepts in clinical practice of OMFS. J Maxillofac Oral Surg 2017; 16 (04) 403-423
- 5 Al-Khamis A, McCallum I, King PM, Bruce J. Healing by primary versus secondary intention after surgical treatment for pilonidal sinus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010; 2010 (01) CD006213
- 6 Wang PH, Huang BS, Horng HC, Yeh CC, Chen YJ. Wound healing. J Chin Med Assoc 2018; 81 (02) 94-101
- 7 Ozgok Kangal MK, Regan JP. Wound Healing. 2021. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing LLC;
- 8 Wallace HA, Basehore BM, Zito PM. Wound Healing Phases. 2021. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing LLC;
- 9 Barrientos S, Stojadinovic O, Golinko MS, Brem H, Tomic-Canic M. Growth factors and cytokines in wound healing. Wound Repair Regen 2008; 16 (05) 585-601
- 10 Furie B, Furie BC. Mechanisms of thrombus formation. N Engl J Med 2008; 359 (09) 938-949
- 11 Pohlman TH, Stanness KA, Beatty PG, Ochs HD, Harlan JM. An endothelial cell surface factor(s) induced in vitro by lipopolysaccharide, interleukin 1, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha increases neutrophil adherence by a CDw18-dependent mechanism. J Immunol 1986; 136 (12) 4548-4553
- 12 Bevilacqua MP, Pober JS, Wheeler ME, Cotran RS, Gimbrone Jr MA. Interleukin 1 acts on cultured human vascular endothelium to increase the adhesion of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, monocytes, and related leukocyte cell lines. J Clin Invest 1985; 76 (05) 2003-2011
- 13 van Amerongen MJ, Harmsen MC, van Rooijen N, Petersen AH, van Luyn MJ. Macrophage depletion impairs wound healing and increases left ventricular remodeling after myocardial injury in mice. Am J Pathol 2007; 170 (03) 818-829
- 14 Simpson DM, Ross R. The neutrophilic leukocyte in wound repair a study with antineutrophil serum. J Clin Invest 1972; 51 (08) 2009-2023
- 15 Barman PK, Koh TJ. Macrophage dysregulation and impaired skin wound healing in diabetes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8: 528
- 16 Landén NX, Li D, Ståhle M. Transition from inflammation to proliferation: a critical step during wound healing. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73 (20) 3861-3885
- 17 Desmoulière A, Geinoz A, Gabbiani F, Gabbiani G. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 induces alpha-smooth muscle actin expression in granulation tissue myofibroblasts and in quiescent and growing cultured fibroblasts. J Cell Biol 1993; 122 (01) 103-111
- 18 Finnson KW, McLean S, Di Guglielmo GM, Philip A. Dynamics of transforming growth factor beta signaling in wound healing and scarring. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2013; 2 (05) 195-214
- 19 Finnson KW, Almadani Y, Philip A. Non-canonical (non-SMAD2/3) TGF-β signaling in fibrosis: mechanisms and targets. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 101: 115-122
- 20 Murphy AM, Wong AL, Bezuhly M. Modulation of angiotensin II signaling in the prevention of fibrosis. Fibrogenesis Tissue Repair 2015; 8: 7
- 21 Diegelmann RF. Analysis of collagen synthesis. Methods Mol Med 2003; 78: 349-358
- 22 Carlson MA, Longaker MT. The fibroblast-populated collagen matrix as a model of wound healing: a review of the evidence. Wound Repair Regen 2004; 12 (02) 134-147
- 23 Broughton II G, Janis JE, Attinger CE. Wound healing: an overview. Plast Reconstr Surg 2006; 117 (Suppl. 07) 1e-S-32e
- 24 Velnar T, Bailey T, Smrkolj V. The wound healing process: an overview of the cellular and molecular mechanisms. J Int Med Res 2009; 37 (05) 1528-1542
- 25 Lindstedt E, Sandblom P. Wound healing in man: tensile strength of healing wounds in some patient groups. Ann Surg 1975; 181 (06) 842-846
- 26 Levenson SM, Geever EF, Crowley LV, Oates III JF, Berard CW, Rosen H. The healing of rat skin wounds. Ann Surg 1965; 161 (02) 293-308
- 27 Janis JE, Harrison B. Wound healing: part I. Basic science. Plast Reconstr Surg 2014; 133 (02) 199e-207e
- 28 Wild T, Rahbarnia A, Kellner M, Sobotka L, Eberlein T. Basics in nutrition and wound healing. Nutrition 2010; 26 (09) 862-866
- 29 Stechmiller JK. Understanding the role of nutrition and wound healing. Nutr Clin Pract 2010; 25 (01) 61-68
- 30 Sherman AR, Barkley M. Nutrition and wound healing. J Wound Care 2011; 20 (08) 357-358 , 360, 362–367
- 31 Barbul A, Purtill WA. Nutrition in wound healing. Clin Dermatol 1994; 12 (01) 133-140
- 32 Ahmed N. Advanced glycation endproducts—role in pathology of diabetic complications. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2005; 67 (01) 3-21
- 33 Arnold M, Barbul A. Nutrition and wound healing. Plast Reconstr Surg 2006; 117 (Suppl. 07) 42S-58S
- 34 Granger M, Eck P. Dietary vitamin C in human health. Adv Food Nutr Res 2018; 83: 281-310
- 35 Moores J. Vitamin C: a wound healing perspective. Br J Community Nurs 2013; S6-S8 –S11
- 36 Collins N. The facts about vitamin C and wound healing. Ostomy Wound Manage 2009; 55 (03) 8-9
- 37 Zinder R, Cooley R, Vlad LG, Molnar JA. Vitamin A and wound healing. Nutr Clin Pract 2019; 34 (06) 839-849
- 38 Polcz ME, Barbul A. The role of vitamin A in wound healing. Nutr Clin Pract 2019; 34 (05) 695-700
- 39 Ueno C, Hunt TK, Hopf HW. Using physiology to improve surgical wound outcomes. Plast Reconstr Surg 2006; 117 (Suppl. 07) 59S-71S
- 40 Ahn C, Mulligan P, Salcido RS. Smoking-the bane of wound healing: biomedical interventions and social influences. Adv Skin Wound Care 2008; 21 (05) 227-236 , quiz 237–238
- 41 Sørensen LT, Jørgensen S, Petersen LJ. et al. Acute effects of nicotine and smoking on blood flow, tissue oxygen, and aerobe metabolism of the skin and subcutis. J Surg Res 2009; 152 (02) 224-230
- 42 Sørensen LT, Toft B, Rygaard J, Ladelund S, Teisner B, Gottrup F. Smoking attenuates wound inflammation and proliferation while smoking cessation restores inflammation but not proliferation. Wound Repair Regen 2010; 18 (02) 186-192
- 43 Manassa EH, Hertl CH, Olbrisch RR. Wound healing problems in smokers and nonsmokers after 132 abdominoplasties. Plast Reconstr Surg 2003; 111 (06) 2082-2087 , discussion 2088–2089
- 44 de Wit M, Goldberg S, Hussein E, Neifeld JP. Health care-associated infections in surgical patients undergoing elective surgery: are alcohol use disorders a risk factor?. J Am Coll Surg 2012; 215 (02) 229-236
- 45 Ranzer MJ, Chen L, DiPietro LA. Fibroblast function and wound breaking strength is impaired by acute ethanol intoxication. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2011; 35 (01) 83-90
- 46 Radek KA, Matthies AM, Burns AL, Heinrich SA, Kovacs EJ, Dipietro LA. Acute ethanol exposure impairs angiogenesis and the proliferative phase of wound healing. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2005; 289 (03) H1084-H1090
- 47 Vignard J, Mirey G, Salles B. Ionizing-radiation induced DNA double-strand breaks: a direct and indirect lighting up. Radiother Oncol 2013; 108 (03) 362-369
- 48 Dormand EL, Banwell PE, Goodacre TE. Radiotherapy and wound healing. Int Wound J 2005; 2 (02) 112-127
- 49 Tibbs MK. Wound healing following radiation therapy: a review. Radiother Oncol 1997; 42 (02) 99-106
- 50 Haubner F, Ohmann E, Pohl F, Strutz J, Gassner HG. Wound healing after radiation therapy: review of the literature. Radiat Oncol 2012; 7 (01) 162
- 51 Kaushal M, Kutty NG, Rao CM. Nitrooxyethylation reverses the healing-suppressant effect of Ibuprofen. Mediators Inflamm 2006; 2006 (04) 24396
- 52 Su W-H, Cheng MH, Lee WL. et al. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for wounds: pain relief or excessive scar formation?. Mediators Inflamm 2010; 2010: 413238
- 53 Krischak GD, Augat P, Claes L, Kinzl L, Beck A. The effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug application on incisional wound healing in rats. J Wound Care 2007; 16 (02) 76-78
- 54 Legendre C, Debure C, Meaume S, Lok C, Golmard JL, Senet P. Impact of protein deficiency on venous ulcer healing. J Vasc Surg 2008; 48 (03) 688-693
- 55 Wang AS, Armstrong EJ, Armstrong AW. Corticosteroids and wound healing: clinical considerations in the perioperative period. Am J Surg 2013; 206 (03) 410-417
- 56 Wicke C, Halliday B, Allen D. et al. Effects of steroids and retinoids on wound healing. Arch Surg 2000; 135 (11) 1265-1270
- 57 Gordon CR, Rojavin Y, Patel M. et al. A review on bevacizumab and surgical wound healing: an important warning to all surgeons. Ann Plast Surg 2009; 62 (06) 707-709
- 58 Decker MR, Greenblatt DY, Havlena J, Wilke LG, Greenberg CC, Neuman HB. Impact of neoadjuvant chemotherapy on wound complications after breast surgery. Surgery 2012; 152 (03) 382-388
- 59 Morava E, Guillard M, Lefeber DJ, Wevers RA. Autosomal recessive cutis laxa syndrome revisited. Eur J Hum Genet 2009; 17 (09) 1099-1110
- 60 Nahas FX, Sterman S, Gemperli R, Ferreira MC. The role of plastic surgery in congenital cutis laxa: a 10-year follow-up. Plast Reconstr Surg 1999; 104 (04) 1174-1178 , discussion 1179
- 61 Beighton P, Bull JC, Edgerton MT. Plastic surgery in cutis laxa. Br J Plast Surg 1970; 23 (03) 285-290
- 62 Callewaert B, Malfait F, Loeys B, De Paepe A. Ehlers-Danlos syndromes and Marfan syndrome. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2008; 22 (01) 165-189
- 63 Schwartzfarb EM, Romanelli P. Hyperhomocysteinemia and lower extremity wounds. Int J Low Extrem Wounds 2008; 7 (03) 126-136