PDF herunterladen
Semin Plast Surg 2021; 35(03): 141-144
DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1731791
Review Article

Wound Healing: A Comprehensive Review

Yasser H. Almadani
1   Division of Plastic Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
,
Joshua Vorstenbosch
1   Division of Plastic Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
,
Peter G. Davison
1   Division of Plastic Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
,
Amanda M. Murphy
1   Division of Plastic Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
› Institutsangaben
› Weitere Informationen
Auch verfügbar auf
   Lizenzen und Reprints

Abstract

Wound healing is an intricate, tightly regulated process that is critical to maintaining the barrier function of skin along with preserving all other skin functions. This process can be influenced by a variety of modifiable and nonmodifiable factors. As wound healing takes place in all parts of the human body, this review focuses on cutaneous wound healing and highlights the classical wound healing phases. Alterations in any of these phases can promote chronic wound development and may impede wound healing.

Keywords

wound healing - inflammation - chronic wounds


Publikationsverlauf

Artikel online veröffentlicht:
15. Juli 2021

© 2021. Thieme. All rights reserved.

Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc.
333 Seventh Avenue, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10001, USA

 

  • References

  • 1 Swann G. The skin is the body's largest organ. J Vis Commun Med 2010; 33 (04) 148-149
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 2 Nussbaum SR, Carter MJ, Fife CE. et al. An economic evaluation of the impact, cost, and medicare policy implications of chronic nonhealing wounds. Value Health 2018; 21 (01) 27-32
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 3 Sen CK. Human wounds and its burden: an updated compendium of estimates. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2019; 8 (02) 39-48
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 4 Chhabra S, Chhabra N, Kaur A, Gupta N. Wound healing concepts in clinical practice of OMFS. J Maxillofac Oral Surg 2017; 16 (04) 403-423
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 5 Al-Khamis A, McCallum I, King PM, Bruce J. Healing by primary versus secondary intention after surgical treatment for pilonidal sinus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010; 2010 (01) CD006213
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 6 Wang PH, Huang BS, Horng HC, Yeh CC, Chen YJ. Wound healing. J Chin Med Assoc 2018; 81 (02) 94-101
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 7 Ozgok Kangal MK, Regan JP. Wound Healing. 2021. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing LLC;
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 8 Wallace HA, Basehore BM, Zito PM. Wound Healing Phases. 2021. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing LLC;
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 9 Barrientos S, Stojadinovic O, Golinko MS, Brem H, Tomic-Canic M. Growth factors and cytokines in wound healing. Wound Repair Regen 2008; 16 (05) 585-601
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 10 Furie B, Furie BC. Mechanisms of thrombus formation. N Engl J Med 2008; 359 (09) 938-949
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 11 Pohlman TH, Stanness KA, Beatty PG, Ochs HD, Harlan JM. An endothelial cell surface factor(s) induced in vitro by lipopolysaccharide, interleukin 1, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha increases neutrophil adherence by a CDw18-dependent mechanism. J Immunol 1986; 136 (12) 4548-4553
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 12 Bevilacqua MP, Pober JS, Wheeler ME, Cotran RS, Gimbrone Jr MA. Interleukin 1 acts on cultured human vascular endothelium to increase the adhesion of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, monocytes, and related leukocyte cell lines. J Clin Invest 1985; 76 (05) 2003-2011
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 13 van Amerongen MJ, Harmsen MC, van Rooijen N, Petersen AH, van Luyn MJ. Macrophage depletion impairs wound healing and increases left ventricular remodeling after myocardial injury in mice. Am J Pathol 2007; 170 (03) 818-829
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 14 Simpson DM, Ross R. The neutrophilic leukocyte in wound repair a study with antineutrophil serum. J Clin Invest 1972; 51 (08) 2009-2023
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 15 Barman PK, Koh TJ. Macrophage dysregulation and impaired skin wound healing in diabetes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8: 528
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 16 Landén NX, Li D, Ståhle M. Transition from inflammation to proliferation: a critical step during wound healing. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73 (20) 3861-3885
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 17 Desmoulière A, Geinoz A, Gabbiani F, Gabbiani G. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 induces alpha-smooth muscle actin expression in granulation tissue myofibroblasts and in quiescent and growing cultured fibroblasts. J Cell Biol 1993; 122 (01) 103-111
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 18 Finnson KW, McLean S, Di Guglielmo GM, Philip A. Dynamics of transforming growth factor beta signaling in wound healing and scarring. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2013; 2 (05) 195-214
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 19 Finnson KW, Almadani Y, Philip A. Non-canonical (non-SMAD2/3) TGF-β signaling in fibrosis: mechanisms and targets. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 101: 115-122
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 20 Murphy AM, Wong AL, Bezuhly M. Modulation of angiotensin II signaling in the prevention of fibrosis. Fibrogenesis Tissue Repair 2015; 8: 7
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 21 Diegelmann RF. Analysis of collagen synthesis. Methods Mol Med 2003; 78: 349-358
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 22 Carlson MA, Longaker MT. The fibroblast-populated collagen matrix as a model of wound healing: a review of the evidence. Wound Repair Regen 2004; 12 (02) 134-147
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 23 Broughton II G, Janis JE, Attinger CE. Wound healing: an overview. Plast Reconstr Surg 2006; 117 (Suppl. 07) 1e-S-32e
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 24 Velnar T, Bailey T, Smrkolj V. The wound healing process: an overview of the cellular and molecular mechanisms. J Int Med Res 2009; 37 (05) 1528-1542
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 25 Lindstedt E, Sandblom P. Wound healing in man: tensile strength of healing wounds in some patient groups. Ann Surg 1975; 181 (06) 842-846
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 26 Levenson SM, Geever EF, Crowley LV, Oates III JF, Berard CW, Rosen H. The healing of rat skin wounds. Ann Surg 1965; 161 (02) 293-308
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 27 Janis JE, Harrison B. Wound healing: part I. Basic science. Plast Reconstr Surg 2014; 133 (02) 199e-207e
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 28 Wild T, Rahbarnia A, Kellner M, Sobotka L, Eberlein T. Basics in nutrition and wound healing. Nutrition 2010; 26 (09) 862-866
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 29 Stechmiller JK. Understanding the role of nutrition and wound healing. Nutr Clin Pract 2010; 25 (01) 61-68
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 30 Sherman AR, Barkley M. Nutrition and wound healing. J Wound Care 2011; 20 (08) 357-358 , 360, 362–367
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 31 Barbul A, Purtill WA. Nutrition in wound healing. Clin Dermatol 1994; 12 (01) 133-140
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 32 Ahmed N. Advanced glycation endproducts—role in pathology of diabetic complications. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2005; 67 (01) 3-21
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 33 Arnold M, Barbul A. Nutrition and wound healing. Plast Reconstr Surg 2006; 117 (Suppl. 07) 42S-58S
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 34 Granger M, Eck P. Dietary vitamin C in human health. Adv Food Nutr Res 2018; 83: 281-310
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 35 Moores J. Vitamin C: a wound healing perspective. Br J Community Nurs 2013; S6-S8 –S11
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 36 Collins N. The facts about vitamin C and wound healing. Ostomy Wound Manage 2009; 55 (03) 8-9
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 37 Zinder R, Cooley R, Vlad LG, Molnar JA. Vitamin A and wound healing. Nutr Clin Pract 2019; 34 (06) 839-849
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 38 Polcz ME, Barbul A. The role of vitamin A in wound healing. Nutr Clin Pract 2019; 34 (05) 695-700
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 39 Ueno C, Hunt TK, Hopf HW. Using physiology to improve surgical wound outcomes. Plast Reconstr Surg 2006; 117 (Suppl. 07) 59S-71S
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 40 Ahn C, Mulligan P, Salcido RS. Smoking-the bane of wound healing: biomedical interventions and social influences. Adv Skin Wound Care 2008; 21 (05) 227-236 , quiz 237–238
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 41 Sørensen LT, Jørgensen S, Petersen LJ. et al. Acute effects of nicotine and smoking on blood flow, tissue oxygen, and aerobe metabolism of the skin and subcutis. J Surg Res 2009; 152 (02) 224-230
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 42 Sørensen LT, Toft B, Rygaard J, Ladelund S, Teisner B, Gottrup F. Smoking attenuates wound inflammation and proliferation while smoking cessation restores inflammation but not proliferation. Wound Repair Regen 2010; 18 (02) 186-192
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 43 Manassa EH, Hertl CH, Olbrisch RR. Wound healing problems in smokers and nonsmokers after 132 abdominoplasties. Plast Reconstr Surg 2003; 111 (06) 2082-2087 , discussion 2088–2089
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 44 de Wit M, Goldberg S, Hussein E, Neifeld JP. Health care-associated infections in surgical patients undergoing elective surgery: are alcohol use disorders a risk factor?. J Am Coll Surg 2012; 215 (02) 229-236
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 45 Ranzer MJ, Chen L, DiPietro LA. Fibroblast function and wound breaking strength is impaired by acute ethanol intoxication. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2011; 35 (01) 83-90
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 46 Radek KA, Matthies AM, Burns AL, Heinrich SA, Kovacs EJ, Dipietro LA. Acute ethanol exposure impairs angiogenesis and the proliferative phase of wound healing. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2005; 289 (03) H1084-H1090
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 47 Vignard J, Mirey G, Salles B. Ionizing-radiation induced DNA double-strand breaks: a direct and indirect lighting up. Radiother Oncol 2013; 108 (03) 362-369
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 48 Dormand EL, Banwell PE, Goodacre TE. Radiotherapy and wound healing. Int Wound J 2005; 2 (02) 112-127
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 49 Tibbs MK. Wound healing following radiation therapy: a review. Radiother Oncol 1997; 42 (02) 99-106
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 50 Haubner F, Ohmann E, Pohl F, Strutz J, Gassner HG. Wound healing after radiation therapy: review of the literature. Radiat Oncol 2012; 7 (01) 162
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 51 Kaushal M, Kutty NG, Rao CM. Nitrooxyethylation reverses the healing-suppressant effect of Ibuprofen. Mediators Inflamm 2006; 2006 (04) 24396
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 52 Su W-H, Cheng MH, Lee WL. et al. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for wounds: pain relief or excessive scar formation?. Mediators Inflamm 2010; 2010: 413238
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 53 Krischak GD, Augat P, Claes L, Kinzl L, Beck A. The effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug application on incisional wound healing in rats. J Wound Care 2007; 16 (02) 76-78
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 54 Legendre C, Debure C, Meaume S, Lok C, Golmard JL, Senet P. Impact of protein deficiency on venous ulcer healing. J Vasc Surg 2008; 48 (03) 688-693
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 55 Wang AS, Armstrong EJ, Armstrong AW. Corticosteroids and wound healing: clinical considerations in the perioperative period. Am J Surg 2013; 206 (03) 410-417
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 56 Wicke C, Halliday B, Allen D. et al. Effects of steroids and retinoids on wound healing. Arch Surg 2000; 135 (11) 1265-1270
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 57 Gordon CR, Rojavin Y, Patel M. et al. A review on bevacizumab and surgical wound healing: an important warning to all surgeons. Ann Plast Surg 2009; 62 (06) 707-709
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 58 Decker MR, Greenblatt DY, Havlena J, Wilke LG, Greenberg CC, Neuman HB. Impact of neoadjuvant chemotherapy on wound complications after breast surgery. Surgery 2012; 152 (03) 382-388
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 59 Morava E, Guillard M, Lefeber DJ, Wevers RA. Autosomal recessive cutis laxa syndrome revisited. Eur J Hum Genet 2009; 17 (09) 1099-1110
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 60 Nahas FX, Sterman S, Gemperli R, Ferreira MC. The role of plastic surgery in congenital cutis laxa: a 10-year follow-up. Plast Reconstr Surg 1999; 104 (04) 1174-1178 , discussion 1179
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 61 Beighton P, Bull JC, Edgerton MT. Plastic surgery in cutis laxa. Br J Plast Surg 1970; 23 (03) 285-290
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 62 Callewaert B, Malfait F, Loeys B, De Paepe A. Ehlers-Danlos syndromes and Marfan syndrome. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2008; 22 (01) 165-189
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 63 Schwartzfarb EM, Romanelli P. Hyperhomocysteinemia and lower extremity wounds. Int J Low Extrem Wounds 2008; 7 (03) 126-136
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar