Download PDF
CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · Laryngorhinootologie 2018; 97(S 01): S142-S184
DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-123484
Referat
Eigentümer und Copyright ©Georg Thieme Verlag KG 2018

Biologicals in der Rhinologie – Individualisierte Konzepte der Zukunft

Article in several languages: deutsch | English
Adam M. Chaker
1   Klinik für Hals-Nasen-Ohrenheilkunde und Zentrum für Allergie und Umwelt, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
22 March 2018 (online)

Also available at
   Permissions and Reprints

Zusammenfassung

Sinunasale Erkrankungen zählen mit zu den häufigsten chronischen Erkrankungen und führen zu einer erheblichen Störung der Lebensqualität, ein komorbides Asthma ist häufig. Trotz leitliniengerechter Therapie ist anzunehmen, dass mind. 20% der Patienten ihre Erkrankungssymptome nicht adäquat kontrollieren können. Neben den etablierten chirurgischen und konservativen Therapieoptionen finden sich nun vielversprechende Therapieansätze, die bspw. mittels therapeutischer Antikörper mechanistisch gezielt in die Pathophysiologie der Erkrankungen eingreifen können. Die Auswahl der geeigneten Patienten durch geeignete Biomarker und die richtige Therapie zum richtigen Stadium der Erkrankung anbieten zu können, ist das Ziel stratifizierter Medizin und eine wichtige Perspektive für die HNO.

Schlüsselwörter

Rhinitis - Sinusitis - Rhinosinusitis - CRS - Biologica - Nasenpolypen - personalisierte Medizin
 

  • Literatur

  • 1 Boyman O. et al. EAACI IG Biologicals task force paper on the use of biologic agents in allergic disorders. Allergy 2015; 70: 727-754
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 2 Agency EM. EMA GUIDELINE ON SIMILAR BIOLOGICAL MEDICINAL PRODUCTS. 2005 (http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Scientific_guideline/2009/09/WC500003517.pdf (10th of October, 2017))
    PubMed
  • 3 Kohler G, Milstein C. Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity. Nature 1975; 256: 495-497
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 4 Quianzon CC, Cheikh I. History of insulin. J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect 2012; 2
    PubMed
  • 5 Suiter TM. First and next generation native rFVIII in the treatment of hemophilia A. What has been achieved? Can patients be switched safely?. Semin Thromb Hemost 2002; 28: 277-284
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 6 Beauvais P, Billette de Villemeur T. Prion diseases and blood transfusion. Transfus Clin Biol 1999; 6: 24-28
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 7 Frasier SD. The not-so-good old days: working with pituitary growth hormone in North America, 1956 to 1985. J Pediatr 1997; 131: S1-S4
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 8 Ayyar VS. History of growth hormone therapy. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2011; 15 (Suppl. 03) S162-S165
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 9 Mosmann TR. et al. Two types of murine helper T cell clone. I. Definition according to profiles of lymphokine activities and secreted proteins. J Immunol 1986; 136: 2348-2357
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 10 Mosmann TR, Coffman RL. TH1 and TH2 cells: different patterns of lymphokine secretion lead to different functional properties. Annu Rev Immunol 1989; 7: 145-173
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 11 Bryan SA. et al. Effects of recombinant human interleukin-12 on eosinophils, airway hyper-responsiveness, and the late asthmatic response. Lancet 2000; 356: 2149-2153
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 12 Friedrich M. et al. Immunomodulation by interleukin-10 therapy decreases the incidence of relapse and prolongs the relapse-free interval in Psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol 2002; 118: 672-677
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 13 Trepicchio WL. et al. Interleukin-11 therapy selectively downregulates type I cytokine proinflammatory pathways in psoriasis lesions. J Clin Invest 1999; 104: 1527-1537
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 14 Goel N, Chance K. Biosimilars in rheumatology: understanding the rigor of their development. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2017; 56: 187-197
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 15 Dorvignit D. et al. Expression and biological characterization of an anti-CD20 biosimilar candidate antibody: A case study. MAbs 2012; 4: 488-496
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 16 Elliott MJ. et al. Randomised double-blind comparison of chimeric monoclonal antibody to tumour necrosis factor alpha (cA2) versus placebo in rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet 1994; 344: 1105-1110
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 17 Taylor PC. Developing anti-TNF and biologic agents. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2011; 50: 1351-1353
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 18 Upchurch KS, Kay J. Evolution of treatment for rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2012; 51 (Suppl. 06) vi28-vi36
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 19 Roque-Navarro L. et al. Humanization of predicted T-cell epitopes reduces the immunogenicity of chimeric antibodies: New evidence supporting a simple method. Hybrid Hybridomics 2003; 22: 245-257
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 20 Croft M, Benedict CA, Ware CF. Clinical targeting of the TNF and TNFR superfamilies. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2013; 12: 147-168
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 21 Parren P, Carter PJ, Pluckthun A. Changes to International Nonproprietary Names for antibody therapeutics 2017 and beyond: of mice, men and more. MAbs 2017; 9: 898-906
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 22 Vultaggio A. et al. Manifestations of Antidrug Antibodies Response: Hypersensitivity and Infusion Reactions. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2014; 34: 946-952
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 23 Vultaggio A. et al. Circulating T cells to infliximab are detectable mainly in treated patients developing anti-drug antibodies and hypersensitivity reactions. Clin Exp Immunol 2016; 186: 364-372
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 24 Robert F. et al. Phase I study of anti-epidermal growth factor receptor antibody cetuximab in combination with radiation therapy in patients with advanced head and neck cancer. J Clin Oncol 2001; 19: 3234-3243
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 25 Bourhis J. et al. Phase I/II study of cetuximab in combination with cisplatin or carboplatin and fluorouracil in patients with recurrent or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. J Clin Oncol 2006; 24: 2866-2872
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 26 Bonner JA. et al. Radiotherapy plus cetuximab for squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck. N Engl J Med 2006; 354: 567-578
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 27 O'Neil BH. et al. High incidence of cetuximab-related infusion reactions in Tennessee and North Carolina and the association with atopic history. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25: 3644-3648
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 28 Chung CH. et al. Cetuximab-induced anaphylaxis and IgE specific for galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose. N Engl J Med 2008; 358: 1109-1117
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 29 Budach W, Bolke E, Homey B. Severe cutaneous reaction during radiation therapy with concurrent cetuximab. N Engl J Med 2007; 357: 514-515
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 30 Commins SP, Platts-Mills TA. Delayed anaphylaxis to red meat in patients with IgE specific for galactose alpha-1,3-galactose (alpha-gal). Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2013; 13: 72-77
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 31 Commins SP, Platts-Mills TA. Tick bites and red meat allergy. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 13: 354-359
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 32 Galili U. The alpha-gal epitope and the anti-Gal antibody in xenotransplantation and in cancer immunotherapy. Immunol Cell Biol 2005; 83: 674-686
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 33 Fischer J. et al. Galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose sensitization is a prerequisite for pork-kidney allergy and cofactor-related mammalian meat anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 134: 755-759 e1
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 34 Kleponis J, Skelton R, Zheng L. Fueling the engine and releasing the break: combinational therapy of cancer vaccines and immune checkpoint inhibitors. Cancer Biol Med 2015; 12: 201-208
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 35 Perez-Alvarez R. et al. Biologics-induced autoimmune diseases. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2013; 25: 56-64
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 36 Weise M. et al. Biosimilars: the science of extrapolation. Blood 2014; 124: 3191-3196
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 37 Ledford H. First biosimilar drug set to enter US market. Nature 2015; 517: 253-254
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 38 Kurki P. et al. Interchangeability of Biosimilars: A European Perspective. BioDrugs 2017; 31: 83-91
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 39 Agency EM. Guideline on similar biological medicinal products. 2013 (http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Scientific_guideline/2014/10/WC500176768.pdf) Accessed on 10th October 2017
    PubMed
  • 40 Glue P. et al. Pegylated interferon-alpha2b: pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety, and preliminary efficacy data. Hepatitis C Intervention Therapy Group. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2000; 68: 556-567
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 41 Mok TS. et al. Gefitinib or carboplatin-paclitaxel in pulmonary adenocarcinoma. N Engl J Med 2009; 361: 947-957
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 42 Krueger J. et al. Tofacitinib attenuates pathologic immune pathways in patients with psoriasis: A randomized phase 2 study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 137: 1079-1090
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 43 Aguilar-Pimentel A. et al. Improved efficacy of allergen-specific immunotherapy by JAK inhibition in a murine model of allergic asthma. PLoS One 2017; 12: e0178563
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 44 Boyle MP, De Boeck K. A new era in the treatment of cystic fibrosis: correction of the underlying CFTR defect. Lancet Respir Med 2013; 1: 158-163
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 45 Quon BS, Wilcox PG. A new era of personalized medicine for cystic fibrosis – at last!. Can Respir J 2015; 22: 257-260
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 46 Krug N. et al. Allergen-induced asthmatic responses modified by a GATA3-specific DNAzyme. N Engl J Med 2015; 372: 1987-1995
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 47 IMS Institute for Healthcare Informatics, Delivering on the Potentialof Biosimilar Medicines; The Role of Functioning Competitive Markets. 2016 (http://www.medicinesforeurope.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/IMS-Institute-Biosimilar-Report-March-2016-FINAL.pdf am 04.01.2018)
    PubMed
  • 48 GKV Spitzenverband Deutschland. Biosimilars aus Sicht der Kostenträger. 2016 https://www.bfarm.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Service/Termine-und-Veranstaltungen/dialogveranstaltungen/dialog_2016/160627/08_Folien_Haas.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=2 zuletzt am 04.01.2018)
    PubMed
  • 49 Health, I. Impact of Biosimilar Competion 2016. 2016 (https://www.imshealth.com/files/web/Market Insights/IMS_Health_Impact_of_Biosimilar_Competition_EU_2016.pdf online am 10.10.2017)
    PubMed
  • 50 Chaker AM, Wagenmann M. Schleimhaut der Nase. Allergo J 2014; 23: 14
    CrossrefPubMed
  • 51 Pabst R, Chaker A. Integriertes Schleimhautimmunsystem der oberen Atemwege: Intraepitheliale Lymphozyten, NALT und der Waldeyersche Rachenring. Biedermann, Heppt, Renz, Röcken: Allergologie 2016; 1: 147-155
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 52 Bachert C, Holtappels G. Pathophysiology of chronic rhinosinusitis, pharmaceutical therapy options. Laryngorhinootologie 2015; 94 (Suppl. 01) S32-S63
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 53 Afzelius BA. Cilia-related diseases. J Pathol 2004; 204: 470-477
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 54 Stanke F. The Contribution of the Airway Epithelial Cell to Host Defense. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015: 463016
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 55 Sisson JH. et al. Smoke and viral infection cause cilia loss detectable by bronchoalveolar lavage cytology and dynein ELISA. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 149: 205-213
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 56 Ganz T, Lehrer RI. Defensins. Pharmacol Ther 1995; 66: 191-205
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 57 Radicioni G. et al. The innate immune properties of airway mucosal surfaces are regulated by dynamic interactions between mucins and interacting proteins: the mucin interactome. Mucosal Immunol 2016; 9: 1442-1454
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 58 Cobo ER. et al. Colonic MUC2 mucin regulates the expression and antimicrobial activity of beta-defensin 2. Mucosal Immunol 2015; 8: 1360-1372
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 59 Delacroix DL. et al. IgA subclasses in various secretions and in serum. Immunology 1982; 47: 383-385
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 60 Brandtzaeg P. Pillars Article: Mucosal and Glandular Distribution of Immunoglobulin Components: Differential Localization of Free and Bound SC in Secretory Epithelial Cells. J Immunol 1974; 112: 1553-1559 J Immunol 2017; 198: 1768–1774
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 61 Macpherson AJ. et al. The immune geography of IgA induction and function. Mucosal Immunol 2008; 1: 11-22
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 62 Pawankar RU. et al. Phenotypic and molecular characteristics of nasal mucosal gamma delta T cells in allergic and infectious rhinitis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 153: 1655-1665
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 63 Mjosberg JM. et al. Human IL-25- and IL-33-responsive type 2 innate lymphoid cells are defined by expression of CRTH2 and CD161. Nat Immunol 2011; 12: 1055-1062
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 64 Brandtzaeg P, Pabst R. Let's go mucosal: communication on slippery ground. Trends Immunol 2004; 25: 570-577
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 65 Chaker AM. Anatomy and Microanatomy of Tonsils. Encyclopedia of Immunobiology 2016; 3: 420-426
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 66 Gevaert P. et al. Organization of secondary lymphoid tissue and local IgE formation to Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins in nasal polyp tissue. Allergy 2005; 60: 71-79
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 67 Fokkens WJ. et al. Langerhans cells in nasal mucosa of patients with grass pollen allergy. Immunobiology 1991; 182: 135-142
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 68 Fokkens WJ. et al. Characterization and quantification of cellular infiltrates in nasal mucosa of patients with grass pollen allergy, non-allergic patients with nasal polyps and controls. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 1990; 93: 66-72
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 69 Jahnsen FL. et al. Human nasal mucosa contains antigen-presenting cells of strikingly different functional phenotypes. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2004; 30: 31-37
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 70 Allam JP. et al. Comparative analysis of nasal and oral mucosa dendritic cells. Allergy 2006; 61: 166-172
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 71 Soyka MB. et al. Defective epithelial barrier in chronic rhinosinusitis: the regulation of tight junctions by IFN-gamma and IL-4. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 130: 1087-1096 e10
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 72 Zhou B. et al. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin as a key initiator of allergic airway inflammation in mice. Nat Immunol 2005; 6: 1047-1053
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 73 Xu G. et al. Opposing roles of IL-17 A and IL-25 in the regulation of TSLP production in human nasal epithelial cells. Allergy 2010; 65: 581-589
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 74 Zissler UM. et al. Interleukin-4 and interferon-gamma orchestrate an epithelial polarization in the airways. Mucosal Immunol 2016; 9: 917-926
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 75 Soyka MB. et al. The Induction of IL-33 in the Sinus Epithelium and Its Influence on T-Helper Cell Responses. PLoS One 2015; 10: e0123163
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 76 Bachert C. et al. IL-5 synthesis is upregulated in human nasal polyp tissue. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1997; 99: 837-842
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 77 Van Zele T. et al. Differentiation of chronic sinus diseases by measurement of inflammatory mediators. Allergy 2006; 61: 1280-1289
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 78 Bachert C. et al. Total and specific IgE in nasal polyps is related to local eosinophilic inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001; 107: 607-614
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 79 Linneberg A. et al. The link between allergic rhinitis and allergic asthma: a prospective population-based study. The Copenhagen Allergy Study. Allergy 2002; 57: 1048-1052
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 80 Anderson HR, Bland JM, Peckham CS. Risk factors for asthma up to 16 years of age. Evidence from a national cohort study. Chest 1987; 91 6 Suppl 127S-130S
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 81 Shaaban R. et al. Rhinitis and onset of asthma: A longitudinal population-based study. Lancet 2008; 372: 1049-1057
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 82 Jarvis D. et al. Asthma in adults and its association with chronic rhinosinusitis: the GA2LEN survey in Europe. Allergy 2012; 67: 91-98
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 83 Settipane GA, Chafee FH. Nasal polyps in asthma and rhinitis. A review of 6,037 patients. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1977; 59: 17-21
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 84 Bachert C, Zhang L, Gevaert P. Current and future treatment options for adult chronic rhinosinusitis: Focus on nasal polyposis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 136: 1431-1440
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 85 Williamson PA. et al. Airway dysfunction in nasal polyposis: A spectrum of asthmatic disease?. Clin Exp Allergy 2011; 41: 1379-1385
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 86 Hens G. et al. Sinonasal pathology in nonallergic asthma and COPD: ‘united airway diseaseʼ beyond the scope of allergy. Allergy 2008; 63: 261-267
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 87 Spergel JM, Paller AS. Atopic dermatitis and the atopic march. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003; 112 6 Suppl S118-S127
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 88 Braunstahl GJ. et al. Segmental bronchial provocation induces nasal inflammation in allergic rhinitis patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 161: 2051-2057
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 89 Braunstahl GJ. et al. Nasal allergen provocation induces adhesion molecule expression and tissue eosinophilia in upper and lower airways. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001; 107: 469-476
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 90 Braunstahl GJ. et al. Segmental bronchoprovocation in allergic rhinitis patients affects mast cell and basophil numbers in nasal and bronchial mucosa. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 164: 858-865
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 91 Assanasen P. et al. The nasal passage of subjects with asthma has a decreased ability to warm and humidify inspired air. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 164: 1640-1646
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 92 Naclerio RM. et al. Observations on the ability of the nose to warm and humidify inspired air. Rhinology 2007; 45: 102-111
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 93 Eccles R. Is the common cold a clinical entity or a cultural concept?. Rhinology 2013; 51: 3-8
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 94 Lewis-Rogers N, Bendall ML, Crandall KA. Phylogenetic relationships and molecular adaptation dynamics of human rhinoviruses. Mol Biol Evol 2009; 26: 969-981
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 95 Palmenberg AC. et al. Sequencing and analyses of all known human rhinovirus genomes reveal structure and evolution. Science 2009; 324: 55-59
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 96 Caliskan M. et al. Rhinovirus wheezing illness and genetic risk of childhood-onset asthma. N Engl J Med 2013; 368: 1398-1407
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 97 Bianco A. et al. Th2 cytokines exert a dominant influence on epithelial cell expression of the major group human rhinovirus receptor, ICAM-1. Eur Respir J 1998; 12: 619-626
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 98 Xepapadaki P. et al. Duration of postviral airway hyperresponsiveness in children with asthma: effect of atopy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 116: 299-304
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 99 Toussaint M. et al. Host DNA released by NETosis promotes rhinovirus-induced type-2 allergic asthma exacerbation. Nat Med 2017; 23: 681-691
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 100 Bartlett NW. et al. Mouse models of rhinovirus-induced disease and exacerbation of allergic airway inflammation. Nat Med 2008; 14: 199-204
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 101 Institut, R.K. Influenza. Robert Koch Website, online am 10.10.2017: p. http://www.rki.de/DE/Content/InfAZ/I/Influenza/IPV/IPV_Node.html
    PubMed
  • 102 Zomer-Kooijker K. et al. Increased risk of wheeze and decreased lung function after respiratory syncytial virus infection. PLoS One 2014; 9: e87162
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 103 Sigurs N. et al. Respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis in infancy is an important risk factor for asthma and allergy at age 7. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 161: 1501-1507
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 104 American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Infectious, D. and C. American Academy of Pediatrics Bronchiolitis Guidelines, Updated guidance for palivizumab prophylaxis among infants and young children at increased risk of hospitalization for respiratory syncytial virus infection. Pediatrics 2014; 134: e620-e638
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 105 Heinecke L. et al. Induction of B7-H1 and B7-DC expression on airway epithelial cells by the Toll-like receptor 3 agonist double-stranded RNA and human rhinovirus infection: In vivo and in vitro studies. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 121: 1155-1160
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 106 Seshadri S. et al. Increased expression of the epithelial anion transporter pendrin/SLC26A4 in nasal polyps of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 136: 1548-1558 e7
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 107 Fokkens WJ. et al. EPOS 2012: European position paper on rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps 2012. Rhinology 2012; 50 (Suppl. 23) 1-305
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 108 Wang DY. et al. A survey on the management of acute rhinosinusitis among Asian physicians. Rhinology 2011; 49: 264-271
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 109 Revai K. et al. Incidence of acute otitis media and sinusitis complicating upper respiratory tract infection: the effect of age. Pediatrics 2007; 119: e1408-e1412
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 110 Wang JH, Kwon HJ, Jang YJ. Rhinovirus enhances various bacterial adhesions to nasal epithelial cells simultaneously. Laryngoscope 2009; 119: 1406-1411
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 111 Woytschak J. et al. Type 2 Interleukin-4 Receptor Signaling in Neutrophils Antagonizes Their Expansion and Migration during Infection and Inflammation. Immunity 2016; 45: 172-184
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 112 Cohen M. et al. Biofilms in chronic rhinosinusitis: a review. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2009; 23: 255-260
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 113 Abreu NA. et al. Sinus microbiome diversity depletion and Corynebacterium tuberculostearicum enrichment mediates rhinosinusitis. Sci Transl Med 2012; 4: 151ra124
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 114 Choi EB. et al. Decreased diversity of nasal microbiota and their secreted extracellular vesicles in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis based on a metagenomic analysis. Allergy 2014; 69: 517-526
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 115 Corriveau MN. et al. Detection of Staphylococcus aureus in nasal tissue with peptide nucleic acid-fluorescence in situ hybridization. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2009; 23: 461-465
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 116 Song WJ. et al. Staphylococcal enterotoxin sensitization in a community-based population: a potential role in adult-onset asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2014; 44: 553-562
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 117 Akdis M. et al. Skin homing (cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen-positive) CD8 + T cells respond to superantigen and contribute to eosinophilia and IgE production in atopic dermatitis. J Immunol 1999; 163: 466-475
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 118 Vrieze A. et al. Transfer of intestinal microbiota from lean donors increases insulin sensitivity in individuals with metabolic syndrome. Gastroenterology 2012; 143: 913-916 e7
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 119 Hastan D. et al. Chronic rhinosinusitis in Europe – an underestimated disease. A GA(2)LEN study. Allergy 2011; 66: 1216-1223
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 120 Beule AG. [Epidemiology of chronic rhinosinusitis, selected risk factors, comorbidities and economic burden]. Laryngorhinootologie 2015; 94 (Suppl. 01) S1-S23
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 121 Bousquet J. et al. Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA): Achievements in 10 years and future needs. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 130: 1049-1062
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 122 Bousquet J. et al. Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) 2008 update (in collaboration with the World Health Organization, GA(2)LEN and AllerGen). Allergy 2008; 63 (Suppl. 86) 8-160
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 123 Pearce N. et al. Self-reported prevalence of asthma symptoms in children in Australia, England, Germany and New Zealand: An international comparison using the ISAAC protocol. Eur Respir J 1993; 6: 1455-1461
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 124 Langen U, Schmitz R, Steppuhn H. Prevalence of allergic diseases in Germany: results of the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Adults (DEGS1). Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2013; 56: 698-706
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 125 Haftenberger M. et al. Prevalence of sensitisation to aeraoallergens and food allergens: Results of the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Adults (DEGS1). Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2013; 56: 687-697
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 126 Schmitz R, Kuhnert R, Thamm M. 12-Monats-Prävalenz von Allergien in Deutschland. Journal of Health Monitoring 2017; 2: 77-82
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 127 Meltzer EO. et al. Sleep, quality of life, and productivity impact of nasal symptoms in the United States: findings from the Burden of Rhinitis in America survey. Allergy Asthma Proc 2009; 30: 244-254
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 128 Biermann J, MHF Wehrmann W, Klimek L, Wasem J. Allergische Erkrankungen der Atemwege-Ergebnisse einer umfassenden Patientenkohorte in der deutschen gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung. Allergo Journal 2013; 22: 363-373
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 129 Pfaar O. et al. Guideline on allergen-specific immunotherapy in IgE-mediated allergic diseases: S2k Guideline of the German Society for Allergology and Clinical Immunology (DGAKI), the Society for Pediatric Allergy and Environmental Medicine (GPA), the Medical Association of German Allergologists (AeDA), the Austrian Society for Allergy and Immunology (OGAI), the Swiss Society for Allergy and Immunology (SGAI), the German Society of Dermatology (DDG), the German Society of Oto- Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (DGHNO-KHC), the German Society of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (DGKJ), the Society for Pediatric Pneumology (GPP), the German Respiratory Society (DGP), the German Association of ENT Surgeons (BV-HNO), the Professional Federation of Paediatricians and Youth Doctors (BVKJ), the Federal Association of Pulmonologists (BDP) and the German Dermatologists Association (BVDD). Allergo J Int 2014; 23: 282-319
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 130 Calderon MA. et al. Allergen injection immunotherapy for seasonal allergic rhinitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007; CD001936
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 131 Radulovic S. et al. Sublingual immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010; CD002893
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 132 Radulovic S. et al. Systematic reviews of sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT). Allergy 2011; 66: 740-752
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 133 Nelson H. et al. Network meta-analysis shows commercialized subcutaneous and sublingual grass products have comparable efficacy. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2015; 3: 256-266 e3
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 134 Jacobsen L. et al. Specific immunotherapy has long-term preventive effect of seasonal and perennial asthma: 10-year follow-up on the PAT study. Allergy 2007; 62: 943-948
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 135 Niggemann B. et al. Five-year follow-up on the PAT study: specific immunotherapy and long-term prevention of asthma in children. Allergy 2006; 61: 855-859
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 136 Valovirta E et al. Results from the 5-year SQ grass sublingual immunotherapy tablet asthma prevention (GAP) trial in children with grass pollen allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017 Jul 6. pii: S0091–6749(17)31088–6
    PubMed
  • 137 Kurukulaaratchy RJ. et al. Identifying the heterogeneity of young adult rhinitis through cluster analysis in the Isle of Wight birth cohort. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 135: 143-150
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 138 Glowania A, CM Klimek L, Chaker A. Rhinitis – allergic or not?. Allergo Journal 2012; 08: 486-498
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 139 Hellings PW. et al. Non-allergic rhinitis: Position paper of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. Allergy 2017; 72: 1657-1665
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 140 Becker S. et al. Non-allergic rhinitis with eosinophilia syndrome is not associated with local production of specific IgE in nasal mucosa. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2016; 273: 1469-1475
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 141 Van Gerven L. et al. Capsaicin treatment reduces nasal hyperreactivity and transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V, receptor 1 (TRPV1) overexpression in patients with idiopathic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 133: 1332-1339 e1–e3
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 142 Wagenmann M, Scheckenbach K, Chaker AM. Endotypes in Chronic Rhinosinusitis: Biomarkers Based on a Mechanistic Insight for Targeted Treatment?. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 2017; 79: 78-84
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 143 Hirsch AG. et al. Nasal and sinus symptoms and chronic rhinosinusitis in a population-based sample. Allergy 2017; 72: 274-281
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 144 Rudmik L, Smith TL. Quality of life in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2011; 11: 247-252
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 145 Rajan JP. et al. Prevalence of aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease among asthmatic patients: A meta-analysis of the literature. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 135 (676/81) e1
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 146 Zhang N. et al. An update on the impact of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins in chronic sinusitis with nasal polyposis. Rhinology 2005; 43: 162-168
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 147 Knopf A. et al. Rheumatic disorders affecting the head and neck: Underestimated diseases. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2011; 50: 2029-2034
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 148 Hofauer B. et al. Liposomal local therapy of sinunasal symptoms in ANCA associated vasculitis. Laryngorhinootologie 2014; 93: 461-466
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 149 Woywodt A, Matteson EL. Wegener's granulomatosis – probing the untold past of the man behind the eponym. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2006; 45: 1303-1306
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 150 Craven A. et al. ACR/EULAR-endorsed study to develop Diagnostic and Classification Criteria for Vasculitis (DCVAS). Clin Exp Nephrol 2013; 17: 619-621
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 151 Yates M. et al. EULAR/ERA-EDTA recommendations for the management of ANCA-associated vasculitis. Ann Rheum Dis 2016; 75: 1583-1594
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 152 Wechsler ME. et al. Mepolizumab or Placebo for Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis. N Engl J Med 2017; 376: 1921-1932
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 153 De Gaudemar I. et al. Is nasal polyposis in cystic fibrosis a direct manifestation of genetic mutation or a complication of chronic infection?. Rhinology 1996; 34: 194-197
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 154 Claeys S. et al. Nasal polyps in patients with and without cystic fibrosis: a differentiation by innate markers and inflammatory mediators. Clin Exp Allergy 2005; 35: 467-472
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 155 Steinke JW, Borish L. Chronic rhinosinusitis phenotypes. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2016; 117: 234-240
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 156 Kartagener M. Zur Pathogenese der Bronchektasien bei Situs viscerum inversus. Beiträge Klin. Tuberk 1933; 83: 489-511
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 157 Degano B. et al. Expression of nitric oxide synthases in primary ciliary dyskinesia. Hum Pathol 2011; 42: 1855-1861
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 158 Marthin JK, Nielsen KG. Choice of nasal nitric oxide technique as first-line test for primary ciliary dyskinesia. Eur Respir J 2011; 37: 559-565
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 159 Joensen O. et al. Exhaled breath analysis using electronic nose in cystic fibrosis and primary ciliary dyskinesia patients with chronic pulmonary infections. PLoS One 2014; 9: e115584
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 160 Soler ZM. et al. Cluster analysis and prediction of treatment outcomes for chronic rhinosinusitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 137: 1054-1062
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 161 Derycke L. et al. Mixed T helper cell signatures in chronic rhinosinusitis with and without polyps. PLoS One 2014; 9: e97581
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 162 Zhang N. et al. Different types of T-effector cells orchestrate mucosal inflammation in chronic sinus disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 122: 961-968
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 163 Katotomichelakis M. et al. Inflammatory patterns in upper airway disease in the same geographical area may change over time. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2013; 27: 354-360
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 164 Ba L. et al. The association between bacterial colonization and inflammatory pattern in Chinese chronic rhinosinusitis patients with nasal polyps. Allergy 2011; 66: 1296-1303
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 165 Derycke L. et al. IL-17 A as a regulator of neutrophil survival in nasal polyp disease of patients with and without cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros 2012; 11: 193-200
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 166 Wen W. et al. Increased neutrophilia in nasal polyps reduces the response to oral corticosteroid therapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 129: 1522-1528 e5
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 167 Milara J. et al. Mucin 1 downregulation associates with corticosteroid resistance in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 135: 470-476
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 168 Anderson GP. Endotyping asthma: New insights into key pathogenic mechanisms in a complex, heterogeneous disease. Lancet 2008; 372: 1107-1119
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 169 Lotvall J. et al. Asthma endotypes: A new approach to classification of disease entities within the asthma syndrome. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 127: 355-360
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 170 Wenzel SE. Complex phenotypes in asthma: Current definitions. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2013; 26: 710-715
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 171 Tomassen P. et al. Inflammatory endotypes of chronic rhinosinusitis based on cluster analysis of biomarkers. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 137: 1449-1456 e4
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 172 De Greve G. et al. Endotype-driven treatment in chronic upper airway diseases. Clin Transl Allergy 2017; 7: 22
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 173 Akdis CA. et al. Endotypes and phenotypes of chronic rhinosinusitis: A PRACTALL document of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology and the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 131: 1479-1490
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 174 Schmitt J. et al. Allergy immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis effectively prevents asthma: Results from a large retrospective cohort study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 136: 1511-1516
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 175 Hopkins C, Andrews P, Holy CE. Does time to endoscopic sinus surgery impact outcomes in chronic rhinosinusitis? Retrospective analysis using the UK clinical practice research data. Rhinology 2015; 53: 18-24
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 176 Benninger MS. et al. Impact of medically recalcitrant chronic rhinosinusitis on incidence of asthma. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2016; 6: 124-129
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 177 Hopkins C, Rimmer J, Lund VJ. Does time to endoscopic sinus surgery impact outcomes in Chronic Rhinosinusitis? Prospective findings from the National Comparative Audit of Surgery for Nasal Polyposis and Chronic Rhinosinusitis. Rhinology 2015; 53: 10-17
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 178 Benninger MS. et al. Early versus delayed endoscopic sinus surgery in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis: impact on health care utilization. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2015; 152: 546-552
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 179 Stuck BA et al. Guideline for “rhinosinusitis”-long version: S2k guideline of the German College of General Practitioners and Family Physicians and the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery. HNO 2017
    PubMed
  • 180 Messerklinger W. The ethmoidal infundibulum and its inflammatory illnesses (author's transl). Arch Otorhinolaryngol 1979; 222: 11-22
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 181 Stammberger H, Posawetz W. Functional endoscopic sinus surgery. Concept, indications and results of the Messerklinger technique. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 1990; 247: 63-76
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 182 Rimmer J. et al. Surgical versus medical interventions for chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014; CD006991
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 183 Sharma R. et al. Surgical interventions for chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014; CD006990
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 184 Rudmik L. et al. Topical therapies in the management of chronic rhinosinusitis: an evidence-based review with recommendations. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2013; 3: 281-298
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 185 Kalish L. et al. WITHDRAWN: Topical steroids for nasal polyps. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; 4: CD006549
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 186 Chong LY. et al. Intranasal steroids versus placebo or no intervention for chronic rhinosinusitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; 4: CD011996
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 187 Chong LY. et al. Different types of intranasal steroids for chronic rhinosinusitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; 4: CD011993
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 188 Tokunaga T. et al. Novel scoring system and algorithm for classifying chronic rhinosinusitis: the JESREC Study. Allergy 2015; 70: 995-1003
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 189 Hellings PW. et al. Uncontrolled allergic rhinitis and chronic rhinosinusitis: where do we stand today?. Allergy 2013; 68: 1-7
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 190 Philpott C. et al. The burden of revision sinonasal surgery in the UK-data from the Chronic Rhinosinusitis Epidemiology Study (CRES): A cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2015; 5: e006680
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 191 Nabi S. et al. Nasal spray adherence after sinus surgery: Problems and predictors. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2012; 41 (Suppl. 01) S49-S55
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 192 Bousquet J. et al. Unmet needs in severe chronic upper airway disease (SCUAD). J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 124: 428-433
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 193 Ishizaka K, Ishizaka T, Hornbrook MM. Allergen-binding activity of gamma-E, gamma-G and gamma-A antibodies in sera from atopic patients. In vitro measurements of reaginic antibody. J Immunol 1967; 98: 490-501
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 194 Johansson SG, Bennich H. Immunological studies of an atypical (myeloma) immunoglobulin. Immunology 1967; 13: 381-394
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 195 Johansson SG. Raised levels of a new immunoglobulin class (IgND) in asthma. Lancet 1967; 2: 951-953
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 196 Ring J, Bergmann C. Geschichte der Allergologie. Biedermann, Heppt, Renz, Röcken: Allergologie 2016; 1: 3-9
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 197 Casale TB. et al. Effect of omalizumab on symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2001; 286: 2956-2967
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 198 Chervinsky P. et al. Omalizumab, an anti-IgE antibody, in the treatment of adults and adolescents with perennial allergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2003; 91: 160-167
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 199 Kopp MV. et al. The effect of anti-IgE treatment on in vitro leukotriene release in children with seasonal allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002; 110: 728-735
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 200 Klunker S. et al. Combination treatment with omalizumab and rush immunotherapy for ragweed-induced allergic rhinitis: Inhibition of IgE-facilitated allergen binding. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 120: 688-695
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 201 Kopp MV. et al. Combination of omalizumab and specific immunotherapy is superior to immunotherapy in patients with seasonal allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and co-morbid seasonal allergic asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2009; 39: 271-279
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 202 MacGinnitie AJ. et al. Omalizumab facilitates rapid oral desensitization for peanut allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 139: 873-881 e8
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 203 Kopp MV. Role of immunmodulators in allergen-specific immunotherapy. Allergy 2011; 66: 792-797
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 204 Akdis CA, Akdis M. Mechanisms and treatment of allergic disease in the big picture of regulatory T cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 123: 735-746 quiz 747-748
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 205 Mobs C. et al. Birch pollen immunotherapy results in long-term loss of Bet v 1-specific TH2 responses, transient TR1 activation, and synthesis of IgE-blocking antibodies. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 130: 1108-1116 e6
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 206 Wambre E. et al. Differentiation stage determines pathologic and protective allergen-specific CD4 + T-cell outcomes during specific immunotherapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 129: 544-551 551 e1–e7
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 207 Gabrielsson S. et al. Specific immunotherapy prevents increased levels of allergen-specific IL-4- and IL-13-producing cells during pollen season. Allergy 2001; 56: 293-300
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 208 Michaud B. et al. Quantification of circulating house dust mite-specific IL-4- and IL-13-secreting T cells correlates with rhinitis severity in asthmatic children and varies with the seasons. Clin Exp Allergy 2014; 44: 222-230
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 209 Francis JN, Till SJ, Durham SR. Induction of IL-10 + CD4 + CD25 + T cells by grass pollen immunotherapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003; 111: 1255-1261
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 210 Radulovic S. et al. Grass pollen immunotherapy induces Foxp3-expressing CD4 + CD25 + cells in the nasal mucosa. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 121: 1467-1472 1472 e1
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 211 Robinson DS, Larche M, Durham SR. Tregs and allergic disease. J Clin Invest 2004; 114: 1389-1397
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 212 Till S. et al. IL-5 production by allergen-stimulated T cells following grass pollen immunotherapy for seasonal allergic rhinitis. Clin Exp Immunol 1997; 110: 114-121
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 213 Yang M. et al. Interleukin-13 mediates airways hyperreactivity through the IL-4 receptor-alpha chain and STAT-6 independently of IL-5 and eotaxin. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2001; 25: 522-530
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 214 Mantel PY et al. GATA3-driven Th2 responses inhibit TGF-beta1-induced FOXP3 expression and the formation of regulatory T cells. PLoS Biol 2007; 5 (e329)
    PubMed
  • 215 Chaker AM. et al. Short-term subcutaneous grass pollen immunotherapy under the umbrella of anti-IL-4: A randomized controlled trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 137: 452-461 e9
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 216 Johansson SG. IgE in allergic diseases. Proc R Soc Med 1969; 62: 975-976
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 217 Donovan R. et al. Immunoglobulins in nasal polyp fluid. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 1970; 37: 154-166
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 218 Whiteside TL. et al. The presence of IgE on the surface of lymphocytes in nasal polyps. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1975; 55: 186-194
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 219 Van Zele T. et al. Staphylococcus aureus colonization and IgE antibody formation to enterotoxins is increased in nasal polyposis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004; 114: 981-983
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 220 Penn R, Mikula S. The role of anti-IgE immunoglobulin therapy in nasal polyposis: A pilot study. Am J Rhinol 2007; 21: 428-432
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 221 Guglielmo M. et al. Recalcitrant nasal polyposis: achievement of total remission following treatment with omalizumab. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2009; 19: 158-159
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 222 Vennera Mdel C. et al. Efficacy of omalizumab in the treatment of nasal polyps. Thorax 2011; 66: 824-825
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 223 Pinto JM. et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of anti-IgE for chronic rhinosinusitis. Rhinology 2010; 48: 318-324
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 224 Gevaert P. et al. Omalizumab is effective in allergic and nonallergic patients with nasal polyps and asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 131: 110-116 e1
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 225 Lowe PJ, Renard D. Omalizumab decreases IgE production in patients with allergic (IgE-mediated) asthma; PKPD analysis of a biomarker, total IgE. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2011; 72: 306-320
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 226 Castro M. et al. Reslizumab for poorly controlled, eosinophilic asthma: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 184: 1125-1132
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 227 Haldar P. et al. Mepolizumab and exacerbations of refractory eosinophilic asthma. N Engl J Med 2009; 360: 973-984
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 228 Nair P. et al. Mepolizumab for prednisone-dependent asthma with sputum eosinophilia. N Engl J Med 2009; 360: 985-993
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 229 Gevaert P. et al. Mepolizumab, a humanized anti-IL-5 mAb, as a treatment option for severe nasal polyposis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 128: 989-995 e1–e8
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 230 Bachert C. et al. Reduced need for surgery in severe nasal polyposis with mepolizumab: Randomized trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 140: 1024-1031 e14
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 231 Casale TB. Biologics and biomarkers for asthma, urticaria, and nasal polyposis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 139: 1411-1421
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 232 Wenzel S. et al. Dupilumab in persistent asthma with elevated eosinophil levels. N Engl J Med 2013; 368: 2455-2466
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 233 Beck LA. et al. Dupilumab treatment in adults with moderate-to severe atopic dermatitis. N Engl J Med 2014; 371: 130-139
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 234 Simpson EL. et al. Two Phase 3 Trials of Dupilumab versus Placebo in Atopic Dermatitis. N Engl J Med 2016; 375: 2335-2348
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 235 Jung YG. et al. Predictive capabilities of serum eosinophil cationic protein, percentage of eosinophils and total immunoglobulin E in allergic rhinitis without bronchial asthma. J Int Med Res 2011; 39: 2209-2216
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 236 Shamji MH. et al. Biomarkers for monitoring clinical efficacy of allergen immunotherapy for allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and allergic asthma: an EAACI Position Paper. Allergy 2017; 72: 1156-1173
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 237 Kim SH. et al. Dipeptidyl-peptidase 10 as a genetic biomarker for the aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease phenotype. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2015; 114: 208-213
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 238 Dietz K. et al. Age dictates a steroid-resistant cascade of Wnt5a, transglutaminase 2, and leukotrienes in inflamed airways. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 139: 1343-1354.e6
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 239 Boscke R. et al. Wnt Signaling in Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 56: 575-584
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 240 Zissler UM. et al. Current and future biomarkers in allergic asthma. Allergy 2016; 71: 475-494
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 241 Corren J. et al. Lebrikizumab treatment in adults with asthma. N Engl J Med 2011; 365: 1088-1098
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 242 Bujarski S, Parulekar AD, Hanania NA. Lebrikizumab in the treatment of asthma. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2016
    PubMed
  • 243 Hanania NA. et al. Efficacy and safety of lebrikizumab in patients with uncontrolled asthma (LAVOLTA I and LAVOLTA II): Replicate, phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. Lancet Respir Med 2016; 4: 781-796
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 244 De Schryver E. et al. The effect of systemic treatments on periostin expression reflects their interference with the eosinophilic inflammation in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Rhinology 2017; 55: 152-160
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 245 Gevaert P. et al. Nasal IL-5 levels determine the response to anti-IL-5 treatment in patients with nasal polyps. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006; 118: 1133-1141
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 246 Matricardi PM. et al. EAACI Molecular Allergology User's Guide. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2016; 27 (Suppl. 23) 1-250
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 247 Klimek L, Becker S. Molecular component-resolved allergy diagnostics in ENT. HNO 2017; 65: 818-825
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 248 Chaker AM, Klimek L. Individualized, personalized and stratified medicine: a challenge for allergology in ENT?. HNO 2015; 63: 334-342
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 249 Ethikrat Deutschland, Forum Bioethik: Die Medizin nimmt’s persönlich. 2009 (http://www.ethikrat.org/dateien/pdf/fb_2009-06-24_simultanmitschrift.pdf am 04.01.2018)
    PubMed
  • 250 Muller-Berghaus J. et al. Special considerations for the regulation of biological medicinal products in individualised medicine. More than stratified medicine. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2013; 56: 1538-1544
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 251 Green RC, Lautenbach D, McGuire AL. GINA, genetic discrimination, and genomic medicine. N Engl J Med 2015; 372: 397-399
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 252 Siest G. Systems medicine, stratified medicine, personalized medicine but not precision medicine. Drug Metabol Drug Interact 2014; 29: 1-2
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar