Download PDF
CC BY 4.0 · Journal of Health and Allied Sciences NU 2024; 14(03): 405-409
DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1776282
Original Article

Prevalence of Tongue Normal Variant Lesions in Geriatric Patients with Hypertension in Surabaya: A Multicenter Observational Study

Adiastuti Endah Parmadiati
1   Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
,
Fatma Yasmin Mahdani 
1   Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
,
Diah Savitri Ernawati
1   Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
,
Nurina Febriyanti Ayuningtyas
1   Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
,
Meircurius Dwi Condro Surboyo 
1   Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
,
Aulya Setyo Pratiwi
1   Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
,
Riyan Iman Marsetyo 
1   Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
,
Candrika Ramya Inastu
2   Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
,
Vint Erawati
2   Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
,
Adinda Ratna Fitri
2   Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
› Author Affiliations
› Further Information
Also available at
   Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

Introduction The risk of degenerative diseases in the elderly is higher due to aging and decreased body function. This process affects both systemic conditions and locally in the oral cavity. Aside from aging, degenerative disease itself can trigger the incidence of soft tissue abnormalities. Aging can cause structural and functional changes in the systemic vasculature, resulting in a degenerative disease such as hypertension. Elderly who suffers from hypertension can develop oral mucosa abnormalities and most of them are found on the tongue. This study was aimed to identify the prevalence of normal variant lesions on the tongue in the elderly with hypertension.

Methods This was an observational descriptive study with a cross-sectional design done in January–March 2020. Samples were elderly obtained from several public health centers in Surabaya that matched the inclusion criteria. Subjective and clinical examinations were performed by oral medicine residents and specialists.

Results A total of 401 elderly were screened and 147 elderly (36.65%) met the inclusion criteria which are having hypertension and willing to participate in this study. Those who met the criteria, mainly were female from the 60 to 74 years old age group. Normal variants of tongue obtained from the examination were fissured tongue (90.48%), coated tongue (63.95%), crenated tongue (33.33%), lingual varices (12.24%), and benign migratory glossitis (4.08%).

Conclusion From this study, we figured out that fissured tongue was the most common normal variant lesion of the tongue in the elderly with hypertension. Coexistence between hypertension and tongue lesions can be developed from pathological changes of disease or as side effects of medication taken such as antihypertensive drugs.

Keywords

tongue - normal variants - geriatric - hypertension - oral medicine


Publication History

Article published online:
08 November 2023

© 2023. The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, permitting unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction so long as the original work is properly cited. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
A-12, 2nd Floor, Sector 2, Noida-201301 UP, India

 

  • References

  • 1 Oparil S, Acelajado MC, Bakris GL. et al. Hypertension. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2018; 4: 18014
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Accardo A, Pascazio L, Costantinides F, Gorza F, Silveri G. Influence of hypertension and other risk factors on the onset of sublingual varices. BMC Oral Health 2021; 21 (01) 235
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Bilgic A, Aydin F, Sumer P. et al. Oral health related qualıty of lıfe and dısease severıty ın autoımmune bullous dıseases. Niger J Clin Pract 2020; 23 (02) 159-164
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Sudarshan R, Sree Vijayabala G, Samata Y, Ravikiran A. Newer classification system for fissured tongue: An epidemiological approach. J Trop Med 2015; 2015: 262079
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Oivio UM, Pesonen P, Ylipalosaari M, Kullaa A, Salo T. Prevalence of oral mucosal normal variations and lesions in a middle-aged population: a Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 study. BMC Oral Health 2020; 20 (01) 357
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Cheruvathoor DD, Thomas V, Kumar NR, Jose M. High prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in elderly: call for revolutionizing geriatric dental care strategies. J Family Med Prim Care 2020; 9 (08) 4375-4380
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Bozdemir E, Yilmaz HH, Orhan H. Oral mucosal lesions and risk factors in elderly dental patients. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospect 2019; 13 (01) 24-30
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Fabbri E, Zoli M, Ferrucci L. Age-related physiologic declines. In: Michel JP. ed. Oxford Textbook of Geriatric Medicine. 3rd ed.. Oxford University Press; 2017: 303-310
    Google Scholar
  • 9 Kithas PA, Supiano MA. Hypertension in the geriatric population: a patient-centered approach. Med Clin North Am 2015; 99 (02) 379-389
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Oliveros E, Patel H, Kyung S. et al. Hypertension in older adults: assessment, management, and challenges. Clin Cardiol 2020; 43 (02) 99-107
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Anchala R, Kannuri NK, Pant H. et al. Hypertension in India: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence, awareness, and control of hypertension. J Hypertens 2014; 32 (06) 1170-1177
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Chauhan S, Gupte SS, Kumar S, Patel R. Urban-rural differential in diabetes and hypertension among elderly in India: a study of prevalence, factors, and treatment-seeking. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2021; 15 (04) 102201
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Qin R, Steel A, Fazel N. Oral mucosa biology and salivary biomarkers. Clin Dermatol 2017; 35 (05) 477-483
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Glick M, Greenberg MS, Lockhart PB, Challacombe SJ. Burket's Oral Medicine. 13th ed.. Hoboken: WILEY Blackwell; 2021. 953,1001–1003
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Lalvay Armijos DA, Castañeda Espin AO, Cobos Carrera DF. Antihypertensive medication and its adverse reactions in the oral cavity. An integrative review. Research. Soc Dev 2022; 11 (10) 1-12
    Google Scholar
  • 16 Bhattacharya PT, Sinha R, Pal S. Prevalence and subjective knowledge of tongue lesions in an Indian population. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2016; 6 (02) 124-128
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Hamrah MH, Baghalian A, Ghadimi S. et al. The prevalence and correlates of fissured tongue among outpatients in Andkhoy city, Afghanistan: a cross-sectional study. Clin Cosmet Investig Dent 2021; 13: 335-342
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Mahdani FY, Parmadiati AE, Ernawati DS. et al. Prevalence of oral normal variance in healthy elderly patients: a descriptive study on oral pseudo-lesions. Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2022; 26 (04) e671-e675
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Mangold AR, Torgerson RR, Rogers III RS. Diseases of the tongue. Clin Dermatol 2016; 34 (04) 458-469
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Mahdani FY, Radithia D, Parmadiati AE, Ernawati DS. Prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in geriatric patients in Universitas Airlangga Dental Hospital. Acta Med Philipp 2019; 53 (05) 407-411
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 21 González-Álvarez L, García-Pola MJ. Risk factors associated with tongue lesions: a propensity score-matched case-control study. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2022; 27 (01) e25-e34
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Triwardhani L, Dewi SRP. Acute pseudomembranous candidiasis in patients with hypertension. Sriwijaya Journal of Dentistry. 2020; 1 (01) 43-51
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Choi HN, Cho YS, Koo JW. The effect of mechanical tongue cleaning on oral malodor and tongue coating. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 19 (01) 108
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 della Vella F, Lauritano D, Lajolo C. et al. The pseudolesions of the oral mucosa: differential diagnosis and related systemic conditions. Appl Sci (Basel) 2019; 9 (12) 2412
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Farah CS, Balasubramaniam R, Mccullough MJ. Contemporary Oral Medicine. Cham: Springer; 2019: 42-43
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Krimadi RNI, Ayuningtyas NF, Parmadiati AE. Normal variant distribution among elderly patients who visited Airlangga University Dental Hospital. Acta Med Philipp 2021; 55 (08) 807-810
    Google Scholar
  • 27 Bulsara KG, Cassagnol M. Amlodipine. StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023
    Google Scholar
  • 28 Mizuhashi F, Koide K, Toya S, Nashida T. Oral dryness caused by calcium blocker - comparison with saliva of healthy elderly persons and patients with Sjögren's syndrome. European Society of Medicine 2017;5(09):
    Google Scholar
  • 29 Ramírez Martínez-Acitores L, Hernández Ruiz de Azcárate F, Casañas E, Serrano J, Hernández G, López-Pintor RM. Xerostomia and salivary flow in patients taking antihypertensive drugs. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17 (07) 2478
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar