Zusammenfassung:
Die Replikationsfähigkeit normaler somatischer Zellen ist zeitlich begrenzt durch
den zunehmenden Verlust ihrer chromosomalen Endstücke, der Telomere (Hayflick- Limit).
Eine wesentliche Eigenschaft maligner Zellen ist die Immortalität. Der wahrscheinlich
häufigste Mechanismus, durch den Tumorzellen eine scheinbar unbegrenzte Teilungsfähigkeit
erlangen, ist die Aktivierung des Enzyms Telomerase, einer reversen Transkriptase,
die den Verlust der Telomere rückgängig machen kann. Telomeraseaktivität konnten wir
mit einem PCR-basierten TRAP-Assay in Tumorgewebsbiopsien, Ergussflüssigkeiten und
Bronchiallavagen bei verschiedensten thorakalen Malignomen nachweisen.
Bei 47 Patienten mit Verdacht auf ein peripheres Bronchialkarzinom bestätigte sich
durch spätere Operation oder invasive Diagnostik in 38 Fällen ein Malignom. Bei 25
von diesen 38 Patienten (66 %) war präoperativ in durchleuchtungsgestützten, bronchoskopischen
Bürstenbiopsien Telomeraseaktivität nachweisbar gewesen. Es gab einen falsch positiven
Fall (Tuberkulose). Mit einer Ausnahme waren die gleichzeitig entnommenen Bürstenbiopsien
der Gegenseite negativ. In 23 Fällen (61 %) konnten zytologisch Tumorzellen gefunden
werden. Bei 33 Patienten war mindestens ein Wert positiv. Die Kombination von Zytologie
und Telomerasetest in Bürstenbiopsien erreichte damit eine diagnostische Sensitivität
von 87 %.
Telomerase in Lung Cancer. Testing the Activity of the “Immortality Enzyme” in Bronchial
Brush Biopsies Increases the Diagnostic Yield in Cases of Suspected Peripheral Bronchogenic
Carcinomas:
The proliferative capability is time-limited in normal somatic cells by the shortening
of their chromosomal ends, the telomeres (Hayflick limit). An important feature of
malignant cells is their immortality. The probably most common mechanism of tumour
cells to achieve unlimited replicability is the activation of the enzyme telomerase.
The reverse transcriptase can compensate the loss of telomeres. Using a PCR-based
TRAP assay we found telomerase activity in tumour biopsies, exsudates and bronchial
washings in various thoracic malignancies.
In 38 of 47 patients with suspected peripheral lung cancer eventually surgery or invasive
procedures proved a malignancy. In fluoroscopically guided bronchial brushings from
25 of these 38 patients (66 %) the TRAP assay revealed telomerase activity. There
was a single false positive case (tuberculosis) and with a single exception, the simultaneously
taken brushes of the contralateral lobes were all telomerase negative. In 23 patients
(61 %) tumour cells were found in the cytological examination. In 33 patients at least
one marker was positive. Thus the combination of cytology and telomerase test in bronchial
brush biopsies attained a diagnostic yield of 87 %.
Literatur
1
Hayflick L.
The limited in vitro lifetime of human diploid cell strains.
Exp Cell Res.
1965;
37
614-634
2
Stanulis-Praeger B.
Cellular senescence revisited: A review.
Mech Ageing Develop.
1987;
18
1-48
3
Watson J D.
Origin of concatemeric T7 DNA.
Nat New Biol.
1972;
239
197-201
4
Harley C B, Futcher A B, Greider C W.
Telomeres shorten during aging of human fibroblasts.
Nature.
1990;
345
458-460
5
Harley C B, Vaziri H, Counter C M, Allsopp R C.
The telomere hypothesis of cellular aging.
Exp Gerontol.
1992;
27
375-382
6
Greider C W, Blackburn E H.
A telomeric sequence in the RNA of Tetrahymena telomerase required for telomere repeat
synthesis.
Nature.
1989;
337
331-337
7
Oulton R, Harrington L.
Telomeres, telomerase, and cancer: life on the edge of genomic stability.
Current Opinion in Oncology.
2000;
12
74-81
8 Fossel M. Das Unsterblichkeitsenzym. Piper Verlag, München 1996
9
Yamaguchi F, Morrison R S, Takahashi H, Teramoto A.
Anti-telomerase therapy suppressed glioma proliferation.
Oncol Rep.
1999;
6
773-776
10
Sarvesvaran J, Going J J, Milroy R, Kaye S B, Keith W N.
Is small cell lung cancer the perfect target for anti-telomerase treatment?.
Carcinogenesis.
1999;
2
1649-1651
11
Hahn W C, Stewart S A, Brooks M W, York S G, Eaton E, Kurachi A, Beijersbergen R L,
Knoll J H, Meyerson M, Weinberg R A.
Inhibition of telomerase limits the growth of human cancer cells.
Nat Med.
1999;
5 (10)
1164-70
12
Albanell J, Lonardo F, Rusch V, Engelhardt M, Langenfeld J, Han W, Klimstra D, Venkatraman E,
Moore M A, Dmitrovsky E.
High telomerase activity in primary lung cancer: association with increased cell proliferation
rates and advanced pathological stage.
J Nat Cancer Inst.
1997;
5, 89
1609-1615
13
Chin L, Artandi S E, Shen Q, Tam A, Lee S L, Gottlieb G J, Greider C W, DePinho R A.
p53 deficiency rescues the adverse effects of telomere loss and cooperates with telomere
dysfunction to accelerate carcinogenesis.
Cell.
1999;
97
527
14
Bacchetti S, Counter C M.
Telomeres and telomerase in human cancer.
Int J Oncol.
1995;
7
423-432
15
Kim N W, Piatyszek M A, Prowse K R, Harley C B, West M D, Ho P L.
Specific association of human telomerase activity with immortal cells and cancer.
Science.
1994;
266
2011-2015
16
Shay J W, Bacchetti S.
A survey of telomerase activity in human cancer.
Europ J Cancer.
1997;
3
787-791
17
Hiyama K, Hiyama E, Ishioka S, Yamakido M, Inai K, Gazdar A F, Piatyszek M A, Shay J W.
Telomerase activity in small-cell and non-small-cell lung cancers.
J Nat Cancer Inst.
1995;
87 (12)
895-902
18
Marchetti A, Bertacca G, Buttitta F, Chella A, Quattrocolo G, Angeletti C A, Bevilacqua G.
Telomerase activity as a prognostic indicator in stage I non-small cell lung cancer.
Cin Cancer Res.
1999;
8
2077-2081
19
Taga S, Osaki T, Ohgami A, Imoto H, Yasumoto K.
Prognostic impact of telomerase activity in non-small cell lung cancers.
Ann Surg.
1999;
23
715-720
20
Califano J, Ahrendt S A, Meininger G, Westra W H, Koch W M, Sidransky D.
Detection of telomerase activity in oral rinses from head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
patients.
Cancer Res.
1996;
56 (24)
5720-5722
21
Hiyama K, Ishioka S, Shay J W, Taooka Y, Maeda A, Isobe T, Hiyama E, Maeda H, Yamakido M.
Telomerase activity as a novel marker of lung cancer and immune-associated lung diseases.
Int J Mol Med.
1998;
Mar;1(3)
545-549
22
Arai T, Yasuda Y, Takaya T, Ito Y, Hayakawa K, Toshima S, Shibuya C, Yoshimi N, Kashiki Y.
Application of telomerase activity for screening of primary lung cancer in broncho-alveolar
lavage fluid.
Oncol Rep.
1998;
5 (2)
405-408
23
Yahata N, Ohyashiki K, Ohyashiki J H, Iwama H, Hayashi S, Ando K, Hirano T, Tsuchida T,
Kato H, Shay J W, Toyama K.
Telomerase activity in lung cancer cells obtained from bronchial washings.
J Natl Cancer Inst.
1998;
9 (90)
684-690
24
Xinarianos G, Scott F M, Liloglou T, Prime W, Turnbull L, Walshaw M, Field J K.
Evaluation of telomerase activity in bronchial lavage as a potential diagnostic marker
for malignant lung disease.
Lung Cancer.
2000;
28 (1)
37-42
25
Ahrend S A, Chow J T, Xu L H.
Molecular detection of tumor cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with
early stage lung cancer.
J Natl Cancer Inst.
1999;
91
332
26
Yashima K, Litzky L A, Kaiser L, Rogers T, Lam S, Wistuba I I, Milchgrub S, Srivastava S,
Piatyszek M A, Shay J W, Gazdar A F.
Telomerase expression in respiratory epithelium during the multistage pathogenesis
of lung carcinomas.
Cancer Res.
1997;
57 (12)
2373-2377
27
Norrback K F, Dahlenborg K, Carlsson R, Roos G.
Telomerase activation in normal B lymphocytes and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.
Blood.
1996;
88 (1)
222-9
28
Engelhardt K, Kumar R, Albanell J, Pettengell R, Han W, Moore M A.
Telomerase regulation, cell cycle, and telomere stability in primitive hematopoietic
cells.
Blood.
1997;
9 (1)
182-93
29
Ahrendt S A, Yang S C, Wu L, Westra W H, Jen J, Califano J A, Sidransky D.
Comparison of oncogene mutation detection and telomerase activity for the molecular
staging of non-small cell lung cancer.
Clin Cancer Res.
1997;
3 (7)
1207-14
30
Yang C T, Lee M H, Lan R S, Chen J K.
Telomerase activity in pleural effusions: diagnostic significance.
J Clin Oncol.
1998;
16 (2)
567-573
31
Yang C T, Lin M C, Huang C C, Chen N H, Chen J K.
Tuberculin purified derivative up-regulates the telomerase activity of peripheral
blood mononuclear cells from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis.
Life Sci.
1999;
64 (16)
1383-1391
32
Reddel R R, Bryan T M, Murnane J P.
Immortalized cells with no detectable telomerase activity.
Biochemistry.
1997;
62
1254-1262
33
Piatyszek M A, Kim N W, Weinrich S L, Hiyama K, Hiyama E, Wright W E.
Detection of telomerase activity in human cells and tumors by a telomeric repeat amplification
protocol (TRAP).
Methods Cell Sci.
1995;
17
1-15
34
Cuthbert A P, Bond J, Trott D A, Gill S, Broni J, Marriott A.
Telomerase repressor sequences on chromosome 3 and induction of permanent growth arrest
in human breast cancer cells.
J Nat Cancer Inst.
1999;
91
37-45
1 Herrn PD Dr. H.-N. Macha zum 60. Geburtstag gewidmet
2 Diese Studie wurde finanziert durch den Förderverein der Lungenklinik Hemer e.V.
PD Dr L Freitag
Lungenklinik Hemer
Theo-Funccius-Str. 1 58675 Hemer
Email: E-mail: lutzfrei@home.centernet.de