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DOI: 10.1055/s-2001-13774
Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart · New York
Programmierte Eskalation - Die Steuerung der Geburt
Programmed Escalation: Models for the Control of ParturitionPublication History
Publication Date:
31 December 2001 (online)
Zusammenfassung
Unser Wissen über die biochemischen und physiologischen Prozesse, die die Geburt beim Menschen steuern, hat im letzten Jahrzehnt stark zugenommen. Zahlreiche neue Befunde geben Aufschluss über spezifische Funktionen der beteiligten Signalstoffe bei der Zervixreifung, der Aktivierung des Uterus und der Stimulation des Myometriums. In diesem Zusammenhang wurden Sexualsteroide, Oxytocin, Prostaglandine, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormon (CRH) und Zytokine am intensivsten erforscht. Dabei wurden positive Regelkreise in der fetoplazentaren Einheit entdeckt, die den Geburtsprozess in irreversibler und eskalierender Weise vorantreiben. Weiterhin wurde erkannt, dass sich der Organismus bei der Wehentätigkeit in selektiver und kontrollierter Weise entzündungsähnlicher Reaktionen bedient. Zur Erklärung des Geburtszeitpunktes beim Menschen wurden neue Modelle formuliert. So diente der Befund, dass die maternalen Serumspiegel von bioverfügbarem CRH beim Menschen vor der Geburt stark ansteigen, als Basis für die Hypothese, dass CRH wichtiger Indikator einer plazentaren Uhr ist, die die Dauer der Schwangerschaft bestimmt. Nach einer anderen Hypothese wird die Reifung der fetalen Hypothalamus-Hypophysen-Nebennierenrinden-Achse durch eine plazentare Inaktivierung von mütterlichem Cortisol induziert. Offene Fragen bestehen nach wie vor bezüglich der Bedeutung weiterer Signalstoffe und des Verständnisses der zeitlichen und räumlichen Koordination der beteiligten physiologischen Prozesse.
Summary
The biochemical and physiologic processes controlling labor in the human have become much clearer in the past decade. Research has shed light on signal mediators governing ripening of the cervix, activation of the uterus, and stimulation of the myometrium. Sex steroids, oxytocin, prostaglandins, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and cytokines have been studied intensively. The fetoplacental unit contains positive feed-back loops triggering the birth process in an escalating and irreversible manner. Inflammatory-like reactions occur in a controlled and selective manner during parturition. New models have been developed to explain the timing of birth. Bioavailable maternal CRH levels increase strongly near term, suggesting that CRH is an indicator of a placental clock determining the duration of pregnancy. In another model, the birth process is initiated by placental inactivation of maternal cortisol, thus inducing maturation of the fetal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis. How other signal mediators are integrated and how the various processes are coordinated remains unclear.
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PD Dr. rer. nat. W. R. Schäfer
Universitäts-Frauenklinik
Klinisch-Chemisches Labor
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