Zusammenfassung
Anhand von Daten einer schriftlich befragten Stichprobe von 874
Pflegekräften wird mittels logistischer Regressionsmodelle der Frage
nachgegangen, inwieweit arbeitsbedingter Stress - operationalisiert durch
das Demand-Control-Modell von Karasek
[1 ]
[2 ] - das Risiko eines
Arbeitsunfalls erhöht. Neben der Stresskomponente wird der Einfluss
mehrerer potenzieller Confounder auf das Unfallrisiko untersucht. Personen mit
so genannten „high strain” jobs
(Arbeitssituationen mit einer Kombination von hoher psychischer
Arbeitsintensität und geringem Handlungsspielraum) haben ein deutlich
höheres Unfallrisiko (Odds Ratio: 2,4,
95 %-Konfidenzintervall: 1,7-3,3). Von den untersuchten
konfundierenden Faktoren tragen die Merkmale Vollzeitbeschäftigung (im Vergleich zu
Teilzeitbeschäftigung), niedriges Arbeitsplatzalter sowie der
außerberufliche Faktor allein erziehender
Elternteil ebenfalls zu einem signifikant höheren Unfallrisiko bei
(Odds Ratios zwischen 1,5 und 1,8). Das Merkmal, ein Kind
unter 3 Jahren zu haben , wirkt hingegen protektiv im Hinblick auf das
Unfallrisiko (Odds Ratio: 0,5, 95 %-Konfidenzintervall:
0,4-0,8). Die Untersuchung kommt zu dem Schluss, dass Maßnahmen zur
Stress-Prävention eine wichtige Rolle bei der Verhütung von
arbeitsbedingten Gesundheitsgefahren im Krankenhaus spielen sollten.
Abstract
In a cross-sectional questionnaire study the influence of
psychological job strain and nine other factors on the occurrence of accidents
at work were examined. Data were collected by a national survey of nursing
personnel in Germany. The sample of this study consists of 874 nurses working
in acute care hospitals. Job strain was operationalised according to
Karasek’s demand-control model and measured by a self-developed
questionnaire. 32 % had experienced at least one accident during
the 12 months preceding the survey (mostly accidental cuts or needle
punctures). No association with accident risk was found for age, sex,
professional status (supervising function) and hours of overtime work. The six
factors significantly associated with accident risk in univariate analyses were
entered into a logistic regression model: high job strain, working in a
functional unit (e. g. laboratory), full-time work, less than 3 years of
occupation in the present department, having children of less than 3 years of
age and being a single parent. In the multivariate analyses high job strain
turned out to be the most important risk factor for occupational accidents
(odds ratio: 2.4, 95 % C.I.: 1.7-3.3). Significantly
elevated risks were found for full-time work, less than 3 years of occupation
in the present department and being a single parent (odds ratios between 1.5
and 1.8). Having at least one child of less than 3 years of age was a
protective factor (odds ratio 0.5, 95-% C.I.: 0.4-0.8).
Schlüsselwörter
Arbeitsbedingter
Stress - Arbeitsunfälle - Pflegekräfte - Krankenhaus
Key words
Job Strain - Occupational
Injury - Occupational Accidents - Nursing
Staff - Hospital
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Dipl.-Psych. Hans-Dieter Nolting
Institut für Gesundheits- und Sozialforschung
Wichmannstraße 5
10787 Berlin
Email: No@iges.de