Zusammenfassung
Streptococcus pneumoniae ist nach wie vor der wichtigste bakterielle Erreger von ambulant
erworbenen Atemwegsinfektionen. In den letzten Jahrzehnten ist es in vielen Ländern
zu einer zunehmenden Verbreitung von Stämmen mit Antibiotikaresistenzen z. B. gegenüber
Makroliden, Tetrazyklin und β-Lactam-Antibiotika gekommen. Oftmals besteht bei Vorhandensein
einer Penicillinresistenz auch gleichzeitig eine Resistenz gegenüber Makroliden und
anderen Antibiotikaklassen. Untersuchungen zur Prävalenz der Antibiotikaresistenz
bei Stämmen von Patienten mit ambulant erworbenen Atemwegsinfektionen zeigen, dass
in Deutschland durchschnittlich etwa 14 % aller Pneumokokken über eine verminderte
Empfindlichkeit gegenüber Penicillin verfügen (MHK-Werte 0,12 - 1 mg/L) und bis zu
4 % als Penicillin-resistent (MHK-Werte ≥ 2 mg/L) eingestuft werden müssen. Makrolid-
und Tetrazyklin-resistente Stämme treten in einer Häufigkeit von bis zu 12 bis 15
% auf. Nach einer Empfehlung der Paul-Ehrlich-Gesellschaft für Chemotherapie und der
Deutschen Atemwegsliga sind Penicilline und Cephalosporine weiterhin Mittel der Wahl
zur Behandlung ambulant erworbener bakterieller Atemwegsinfektionen. Da Pneumokokkenstämme
mit verminderter Penicillinempfindlichkeit häufig auch eine verminderte Empfindlichkeit
gegenüber Cephalosporinen zeigen, ergibt sich die Frage, welche β-Lactam-Antibiotika
sich noch für die kalkulierte Therapie dieser Stämme eignen. β-Lactam-Antibiotika
unterscheiden sich ganz wesentlich in ihrer In-vitro-Aktivität gegenüber S. pneumoniae
und in ihrer Pharmakokinetik. Verschiedene Modelle haben gezeigt, dass die Voraussetzungen,
mit einem β-Lactam eine adäquate klinische und bakteriologische Wirksamkeit zu erzielen,
besonders günstig sind, wenn der freie, d. h. nicht an Plasmaproteine gebundene Anteil
des Wirkstoffs wenigstens 40 bis 50 % der Zeit des Dosierungsintervalls oberhalb der
MHK des Erregers liegt (T > MHK). Daher sollten bei der Behandlung von Infektionen
mit Pneumokokken, bei denen eine verminderte Penicillinempfindlichkeit nicht auszuschließen
ist, nur β-Lactam-Antibiotika verwendet werden, die über die geeigneten pharmakologischen
Eigenschaften (hohe In-vitro-Aktivität gegenüber Pneumokokken, hohe und lang andauernde
Plasmaspiegel) verfügen.
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is still the most important pathogen of community-acquired
respiratory tract infections. During the last decades in many countries an increase
in the spread of antibiotic resistant strains (e. g. against β-lactams, macrolides,
tetracyclin) was observed. Resistance against penicillin is often associated with
resistance against macrolides and other antibiotic classes. In Germany surveillance
studies including isolates from patients with community-acquired respiratory tract
infections have shown that about 14 % of strains show a reduced susceptibility against
penicillin (MIC-values 0.12 - 1 mg/L) and up to 4 % are highly resistant against penicillin
(MIC ≥ 2 mg/L). Resistance against tetracycline or macrolides was detected in up to
12 and 15 % of strains, respectively. According to the treatment guidelines of the
Paul-Ehrlich-Gesellschaft für Chemotherapie and the Deutschen Atemwegsliga penicillins
and cephalosporins are recommended as first line antibiotics for the treatment of
community-acquired respiratory tract infections. As pneumococcal strains with reduced
susceptibility against penicillin show often also a reduced susceptibility against
cephalosporins the questions arises which β-lactam antibiotics should still be used
in empirical treatment of such strains. β-Lactam-antibiotics highly differ in their
in-vitro-activity against S. pneumoniae and their pharmacokinetic properties. In different
models is has been demonstrated for β-lactams that an adequate clinical and bacteriological
efficacy is achievable when the serum levels of the free, i. e. not protein bound
fraction of drug exceeds the MIC of the pathogen for at least 40 to 50 % of the dosing
interval (T > MIC). In a clinical situation where pneumococci with reduced susceptibility
against penicillin cannot be ruled out, only β-lactam antibiotics with favourable
pharmacological properties (good in-vitro activity, high and long lasting serum levels)
should be used for treatment.
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