RSS-Feed abonnieren
DOI: 10.1055/s-2002-36004
Zentrale Effekte von Botulinumtoxin Typ A
Central Effects of Botulinum Toxin Type APublikationsverlauf
Publikationsdatum:
09. Dezember 2002 (online)
Zusammenfassung
Der klinische Effekt von Botulinumtoxin A kann hauptsächlich durch die Wirkung auf die neuromuskuläre Synapse erklärt werden. Dennoch wird eine zusätzliche zentrale Wirkung diskutiert. Aus diesem Grund haben wir elf Patienten mit einem Torticollis spasmodicus und drei Patienten mit einem Graphospasmus vor sowie eine und fünf Wochen nach Erstinjektion von Botulinumtoxin A mittels Elektroneurographie und transkranieller Magnetstimulation untersucht. Gemessen wurden die Muskelsummenaktionspotenziale, Nervenleitgeschwindigkeiten, kürzeste F-Wellen-Latenzen, F-Wellen-Persistenz von 30 aufeinander folgenden Reizen und motorisch evozierte Potenziale (MEP) von unbehandelten Muskeln beider Seiten (N. ulnaris - M. abductor digiti minimi, N. peroneus - M. tibialis anterior). Die Parameter der M-Antworten und die motorischen Nervenleitgeschwindigkeiten zeigten keine signifikanten Veränderungen. Die F-Wellen-Latenzen beider Nerven verlängerten sich leicht eine Woche nach Erstinjektion (t-test, p < 0,05), und erholten sich nach fünf Wochen wieder. Die F-Wellen-Persistenz des rechten N. ulnaris und beider N. peronei war eine Woche nach Behandlung reduziert (t-test, p < 0,05). Die motorische Gesamtleitungszeit und die errechnete periphere Leitzeit des rechten N. ulnaris und beider N. peronei waren eine Woche nach Behandlung verlängert und kehrten nach fünf Wochen zum Ausgangswert zurück (t-test, p < 0,05). Die relative MEP-Amplitude und die motorische Schwelle änderte sich nicht signifikant. Die Ergebnisse sprechen für eine verminderte Erregbarkeit der α-Motoneurone nicht behandelter Muskeln. Supraspinale Effekte konnten nicht nachgewiesen werden.
Abstract
The therapeutic effect of botulinum toxin type A can be explained mainly by its action at the neuromuscular junction. However, an additional central effect has also been proposed. Therefore eleven patients with torticollis spasmodicus and three patients with writer's cramp were investigated using electroneurography and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) before and one and five weeks after first treatment with botulinum toxin type A. We measured compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs), motor conduction velocities (MCVs), the shortest (SFL) F-wave latencies, wave persistence of 30 consecutive trials, and motor evoked potentials (MEP) of untreated muscles for each side (ulnar nerve-abductor digiti minimi muscle, peroneal nerve-tibialis anterior muscle). CMAPs and MCVs showed no significant changes. However, SFL for both nerves were prolonged slightly one week after treatment and recovered after five weeks (t-test, p < 0.05). The F-wave persistence was reduced one week after treatment for the right ulnar and both peroneal nerves (t-test, p < 0.05). Total motor conduction time and calculated PCT were increased one week after BoNT/A for the right ulnar and both peroneal nerves and returned to baseline after five weeks (t-test, p < 0.05). Relative MEP amplitude and motor threshold did not change significantly. Our results indicate a decreased excitability of alpha motoneurons supplying untreated muscles. Supraspinal effects could not be detected.
Key words
Botulinum toxin type A - central effects, alpha motoneuron - F-wave - transcranial magnetic stimulation
Literatur
- 1 Dengler R, Neyer U, Wohlfarth K, Bettig U, Janzik H H. Local botulinum toxin in the treatment of spastic drop foot. J Neurol. 1992; 239 375-378
- 2 Jankovic J, Brin M F. Therapeutic uses of botulinum toxin. N Engl J Med. 1991; 324 1186-1194
- 3 Jankovic J, Schwartz K. Botulinum toxin treatment of tremors. Neurology. 1991; 41 1185-1188
- 4 Jankovic J, Schwartz K, Donovan D T. Botulinum toxin treatment of cranial-cervical dystonia, spasmodic dysphonia, other focal dystonias and hemifacial spasm. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1990; 53 633-639
- 5 Valls-Sole J, Tolosa E S, Ribera G. Neurophysiological observations on the effects of botulinum toxin treatment in patients with dystonic blepharospasm. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1991; 54 310-313
- 6 Ahnert-Hilger G, Bigalke H. Molecular aspects of tetanus and botulinum neurotoxin poisoning. Progress Neurobiol. 1995; 46 83-96
- 7 Blasi J, Chapman E R, Link E, Binz T, Yamasaki S, De Camilli P, Sudhof T C, Niemann H, Jahn R. Botulinum neurotoxin A selectively cleaves the synaptic protein SNAP-25. Nature. 1993; 365 160-163
- 8 Wohlfarth K, Göschel H, Frevert J, Dengler R, Bigalke H. Botulinum A toxins: units versus units. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 1997; 355 335-340
- 9 Garner C G, Straube A, Witt T N, Gasser T, Oertel W H. Time course of distant-effects of local injections of botulinum toxin. Mov Disord. 1993; 8 33-37
- 10 Girlanda P, Vita G, Nicolosi C, Milone S, Messina C. Botulinum toxin therapy: distant effects on neuromuscular transmission and autonomic nervous system. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1992; 55 844-845
- 11 Lange D J, Rubin M, Greene P E, Kang U J, Moskowitz C B, Brin M F, Lovelace R E, Fahn S. Distant effects of locally injected botulinum toxin: a double-blind study of single fiber EMG changes. Muscle Nerve. 1991; 14 672-675
- 12 Olney R K, Aminoff M J, Gelb D J, Lowenstein D H. Neuromuscular effects distant from the site of botulinum neurotoxin injections. Neurology. 1988; 38 1780-1783
- 13 Jahanshahi M, Marsden C D. Psychological functioning before and after treatment of torticollis with botulinum toxin. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1992; 55 229-231
- 14 Mikhailov V V. Electrophysiological analysis of disturbances in reflex activity of the spinal cord in experimental botulism. Bull exp Biol Med. 1958; 46 1188-1192
- 15 Wiegand H, Erdmann G, Wellhöner H H. 125 I-labelled botulinum A neurotoxin: pharmacokinetics in cats after intramuscular injection. Arch Pharmacol. 1976; 292 161-165
- 16 Wiegand H, Wellhöner H H. The action of botulinum neurotoxin on the inhibition by antidromic stimulation of the lumbar monosynaptic reflex. Arch Pharmacol. 1977; 298 235-238
- 17 Dengler R, Kossev A, Wohlfarth K, Schubert M, Elek J, Wolf W. F-waves and motor unit size. Muscle Nerve. 1992; 15 1138-1142
- 18 Dressnandt J, Auer C, Conrad B. Influence of baclofen upon the alpha-motoneuron in spasticity by means of F-wave analysis. Muscle Nerve. 1995; 18 103-107
- 19 Drory V E, Neufeld M Y, Korczyn A D. F-wave characteristics following acute and chronic upper motor neuron lesions. Electromyogr clin Neurophysiol. 1993; 33 441-446
- 20 Rossini P M, Berardelli A, Deuschl G, Hallett M, Maertens de Noordhout A M, Paulus W, Pauri F. Applications of magnetic cortical stimulation. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1999; Suppl, 52 171-185
- 21 Gelb D J, Yoshimura D M, Olney R K, Lowenstein D H, Aminoff M J. Change in pattern of muscle activity following botulinum toxin injections for torticollis. Ann Neurol. 1991; 29 370-376
- 22 Fisher M A. AAEM minimonograph # 13: H-reflexes and F-waves: physiology and clinical indications. Muscle Nerve. 1992; 15 1223-1233
- 23 Kernell D. Input resistance, electrical excitability and size of ventral horn cells in cat spinal cord. Science. 1966; 152 1637-1640
- 24 Kimura J. Clinical value and limitations of F-wave determination. A comment. Muscle Nerve. 1978; 1 250-252
- 25 Zappia M, Valentino P, Marchello L P, Paniccia M, Montagna P. F-wave normative studies in different nerves of healthy subjects. Electroencephal clin Neurophysiol. 1993; 89 67-72
- 26 Milanov I G. A comparison of methods to assess the excitability of lower motoneurones. Can J Neurol Sci. 1992; 19 64-68
- 27 Milanov I G. F-wave for assessment of segmental motoneurone excitability. Electromyogr clin Neurophysiol. 1992; 32 11-15
- 28 Fierro B, Raimondo D, Modica A. Analysis of F response in upper motoneurone lesions. Acta Neurol Scand. 1990; 82 329-334
- 29 Fraser J L, Olney R K. The relative diagnostic sensitivity of different F-wave parameters in various polyneuropathies. Muscle Nerve. 1992; 15 912-918
- 30 Bischoff C, Schoenle P W, Conrad B. Increased F-wave duration in patients with spasticity. Electromyogr clin Neurophysiol. 1992; 32 449-453
- 31 Byrnes M L, Thickbroom G W, Wilson S A, Sacco P, Shipman J M, Stell R, Mastaglia F L. The corticomotor representation of upper limb muscles in writer's cramp and changes following botulinum toxin injection. Brain. 1998; 121 977-988
- 32 Gilio F, Currà A, Lorenzano C, Modugno N, Manfredi M, Berardelli A. Effects of botulinum toxin type A on intracortical inhibition in patients with dystonia. Ann Neurol. 2000; 48 20-26
- 33 Dengler R, Kossev A, Wohlfahrt K, Schubert M, Elek J, Wolf W. F-waves and motor unit size. Muscle Nerve. 1992; 15 1138-1142
Dr. med. Michael de Groot
Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie · Universitätsklinikum Leipzig
Liebigstraße 22 a
04103 Leipzig
eMail: grootm@medizin.uni-leipzig.de