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DOI: 10.1055/s-2003-41767
Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttart, New York · Masson Editeur Paris
Molecular Genetics of Colorectal Motility Disorders
Publication History
Received: February 18, 2003
Publication Date:
26 August 2003 (online)
Abstract
In the last years, several genes have been identified which are involved in the development and differentiation of the enteric nervous system (ENS). Among the congenital intestinal innervation disorders described (aganglionosis, hypoganglionosis, heterotopic ganglia, intestinal neuronal dysplasia), up to now Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR) has been linked to mutational defects in these genes. GDNF and its co-receptor RET are the genes with the most mitogene potency on precursor cells of the ENS. The endothelin system (EDNRB/EDN3) also plays a key role in the development of the ENS by preventing its premature differentiation. Our own studies could show that, whereas a homozygous mutation of EDNRB causes long-segment HSCR, a heterozygous EDNRB deficiency leads to alterations of the ENS resembling the histopathology observed in intestinal neuronal dysplasia. Modern molecular genetic technologies combined with a subtle phenotypic assessment of the ENS will allow investigators to identify other genes within the complex signalling cascade required for the formation of the ENS. The recognition that intestinal innervation disorders are, at least in part, a multigenetic disease should provide support for consequent genetic screening in these patients.
Résumé
Les années passées, plusieurs gènes ont été identifiés qui interviennent dans le développement et la différenciation du système nerveux entérique (ENS). Parmi les désordres de l'innervation intestinale décrits (aganglionose, hypoganglionose, hétérotopie ganglionnaire, dysplasie neuronale), jusqu'à maintenant, la maladie de Hirschsprung (HSCR) a été liée à des défects de la mutation de ces gènes. GDNF et son co-récepteur RET sont les gènes qui ont le plus de pouvoir sur les cellules de l'ENS. L'endothelin system (EDNRB/EDN3) joue aussi un rôle clé dans le développement de l'ENS en prévenant sa différenciation prématurée. Notre propre étude peut montrer que si une mutation homozygote de l'EDNRB cause une maladie de Hirschsprung étendue, une déficience de l'EDNRB hétérozygote conduit à une altération de l'ENS, ressemblant à celle observée dans la dysplasie intestinale neuronale. Les études génétiques moléculaires modernes combinées avec un bilan phénotypique de l'ENS permettra d'identifier d'autres gènes à l'intérieur de la cascade complexe nécessaire à la formation de l'ENS. La reconnaissance que les désordres de l'innervation sont, au moins pour une part, une maladie multi-génétique, devrait apporter un support à l'étude génétique de ces patients.
Resumen
En los últimos años se han identificado varios genes involucrados en el desarrollo y diferenciación del sistema nervioso entérico (ENS). Entre los transtornos de la inervación intestinal congénita descritos hasta ahora (aganglionosis, hipoganglionosis, heterotopia ganglionar, displasia neuronal intestinal) la enfermedad de Hirschsprung (HSCR) ha sido ligada a defectos mutacionales de estos genes. Los genes GNDF y su co-receptor RET son los que tienen mayor potencia mitogénica sobre las células precursoras del ENS. El sistema endotelina (EDNRB/EDN3) también juega un papel clave en el desarrollo del ENS evitando su diferenciación prematura. Nuestros estudios pudieron mostrar que mientras que una mutación homocigótica EDNRB causa HSC de segmento largo, una deficiencia heterocigota EDNRB produce alteraciones del ENS que se parecen histopatológicamente a las que se ven en la displasia neuronal. Las tecnologías moleculares genéticas modernas combinadas con un estudio fenotípico detallado del ENS permitirán identificar otros genes en las cascadas de señalización compleja necesarias para el desarrollo de ENS. El reconocimiento de que los trastornos de la inervación intestinal son por lo menos en parte enfermedades multigénicas invita al estudio genético de estos pacientes.
Zusammenfassung
In den vergangenen Jahren sind verschiedene Gene identifiziert worden, die maßgeblich an der Entwicklung und Ausdifferenzierung des enterischen Nervensystems (ENS) beteiligt sind. Unter den angeborenen intestinalen Innervationsstörungen (Aganglionose, Hypoganglionose, Ganglienheterotopien, intestinale neuronale Dysplasie) ist bislang für den Morbus Hirschsprung ein sicherer Zusammenhang zu Mutationen dieser Gene nachgewiesen worden. GDNF und sein Co-Rezeptor RET sind die Gene mit der stärksten mitogenen Potenz auf die Vorläuferzellen des ENS. Das Endothelin-System (EDNRB/EDN3) nimmt ebenfalls eine Schlüsselrolle in der Entwicklung des ENS ein, indem es einer frühzeitigen Ausreifung der Vorläuferzellen entgegenwirkt. Eigene Studien konnten zeigen, dass eine homozygote EDNRB-Mutation eine langstreckige Aganglionose im Sinne eines Morbus Hirschsprung zur Folge hat, während eine hetereozygote EDNRB-Defizienz zu Veränderungen des ENS führt, die histopathologisch dem Bild einer intestinalen neuronalen Dysplasie entsprechen.
Durch moderne molekulargenetische Techniken, kombiniert mit einer sorgfältigen Aufarbeitung des ENS-Phänotyps, wird es möglich sein, weitere Gene innerhalb der komplexen Signalkaskade zu identifizieren, die für die Bildung eines regelrechten ENS verantwortlich sind. Die Erkenntnis, dass intestinale Innervationsstörungen zumindest teilweise einer multigenetischen Erkrankung zugrunde liegen, sollte zu einem konsequenten genetischen Screening bei den betroffenen Patienten führen.
Key words
EDNRB - EDN3 - GDNF - RET - Hirschsprung's disease - intestinal neuronal dysplasia
Mots-clés
EDNRB - EDN3 - GDNF - RET - maladie de Hirschsprung - dysplasie intestinale neuronale
Palabras clave
EDNRB - EDN3 - GDNF - RET - enfermedad de Hirschsprung - displasia neuronal intestinal
Schlüsselwörter
EDNRB - EDN3 - GDNF - RET - Morbus Hirschsprung - intestinale neuronale Dysplasie
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Prof. Dr. M. D. H.-J. Krammer
Department of Medicine II/University Hospital of Heidelberg at Mannheim
Theodor-Kutzer-Str. 1 - 3
68135 Mannheim
Germany
Email: h.krammer@med.ma.uni-heidelberg.de