Isocyanate: Arbeitsbedingte Expositionen und Krankheitsbilder

Zusammenfassung

Di- und Poly-Isocyanate werden in großem Umfang für die Herstellung verschiedenster Schaumstoffe, Elastomere, als Kleber, Lackhärter, Beschichtungsmaterial u. v. a. m. eingesetzt. Ihre unsachgemäße Anwendung führt zu einer gesundheitsrelevanten inhalativen, z. T. auch kutanen Aufnahme. Expositionen gegenüber Isocyanaten finden vorwiegend in der Kraftfahrzeugindustrie, im Maschinenbau, in Gießereien, im Baugewerbe und im Bergbau, in der Elektro- und Elektronikindustrie, Farbenherstellung und -anwendung, Kunststoffindustrie, Druckindustrie, Timber-, Möbel- und Textilindustrie und teilweise auch im medizinischen Bereich (z. B. Polyurethangips) statt. Gesundheitsgefährdende Belastungen durch thermische Zersetzungsprodukte von Isocyanatprodukten (Polyurethanen) und anderen Materialien werden bisher zu wenig beachtet. Unter den Gesundheitsstörungen stehen obstruktive Atemwegserkrankungen ganz im Vordergrund. Wesentlich seltener treten exogen allergische Alveolitiden und Hautekzeme auf. Eine konsequente und qualifizierte betriebsärztliche Vorsorge trägt in Ergänzung zur am gesetzlichen Regelwerk orientierten Primärprävention dazu bei, dass Erkrankungen weitestgehend vermieden werden können. Hierzu gehört auch die Etablierung eines validierten Biomonitorings gefährdeter Arbeitnehmer.

Abstract

Isocyanates are extensively used for the production of different foams and elastomers. They also serve as glues, lacquer hardeners, inks, adhesives, fillers, finishes, sealants, coating and insulation materials. Usually, their application results in inhalative, partly also in cutaneous uptake. This review describes occupational exposures to isocyanates as well as hazardous effects. Isocyanates are used in the automautive/mechanical engeneering/building and construction/mining/casting/electricity and electronic/plastics/printing/timber and furniture/white goods and textile industry, partly also in medicine. Hazardous exposures to thermal degradation products of isocyanate-based polyurethanes and other materials have also be taken into consideration. Obstructive airway diseases are the major disorder caused by isocyanates. Rare cases suffer from extrinsic allergic alveolitis or eczema. In addition to regulation-based primary prevention qualitative medical surveillance mostly prevents disorders. There is also a need for the establishment of a validated biomonitoring of endangered employees.

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