Facial Rejuvenation Using Botulinum Toxin A: Review and Updates

The aesthetic applications of botulinum toxin A (Botox) are well known to certain medical and nonmedical communities. This nonsurgical rejuvenation modality continues to be in high demand in part because of the immediacy of its effects, its high safety profile, and its no-downtime recovery period. The physician interested in using Botox for facial rejuvenation needs to have a working knowledge of facial anatomy and botulinum toxin pharmacology and clinical experience with Botox injections.

KEYWORDS

Botulinum toxin A - Botox - facial rejuvenation - Botox cosmetic

REFERENCES

• 1 Lowe N J. Botulinum toxin type A for facial rejuvenation. United States and United Kingdom perspectives.  Dermatol Surg. 1998;  24 (11) 1216-1218
• 2 Blitzer A, Binder W J, Boyd J B, Carruthers A. Management of Facial Lines and Wrinkles. Philadelphia, PA; Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 2000
• 3 Product Information Package Insert (71390US12J). Irvine, CA; Allergan, Inc. 2002
• 4 Aoki R K. Immunologic and other properties of therapeutic botulinum toxin serotypes. In: Brin MF, Hallett M, Jankovic J Scientific and Therapeutic Aspects of Botulinum Toxin. Philadelphia, PA; Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 2002
• 5 Singh B R. Molecular basis of the unique endopeptidase activity of botulinum neurotoxin. In: Brin MF, Hallett M, Jankovic J Scientific and Therapeutic Aspects of Botulinum Toxin. Philadelphia, PA; Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 2002
• 6 Montecucco C, Schiavo G. Tetanus and botulinum neurotoxins: a new group of zinc proteases.  Trends Biochem Sci. 1993;  18 324-327
• 7 de Paiva A, Meunier F A, Molgo J et al.. Functional repair of motor endplates after botulinum neurotoxin type A poisoning: biphasic switch of synaptic activity between nerve sprouts and their parent terminals.  Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1999;  96 (6) 3200-3205
• 8 Ansved T, Odergren T, Borg K. Muscle fiber atrophy in leg muscles after bolutinum toxin type A for treatment of cervical dystonia.  Neurology. 1997;  48 1440-1442
• 9 Hatheway C G. Immunology of Botulinum Toxin. New York; Marcel-Dekker 1993
• 10 Carruthers J A, Kiene K, Carruthers J DA. Botulinum toxin use in clinical dermatology.  J Am Acad Dematol. 1996;  34 788-797
• 11 Matarasso S L. Complications of botulinum A exotoxin for hyperfunctional lines.  Dermatol Surg. 1998;  24 (11) 1249-1254
• 12 Blitzer A, Binder W J, Aviv J E. Current practices in the use of botulinum toxin A in the management of facial lines and wrinkles.  Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am. 2001;  9 (3) 395-404
• 13 Lange D J, Rubin M, Greene P E et al.. Distant effects of locally injected botulinum toxin: a double-blind study of single fiber EMG changes.  Muscle Nerve. 1991;  14 672-675
• 14 Goschel H et al.. Botulinum toxin therapy, neutralizing and non-neutralizing antibodies.  Exp Neurol. 1997;  147 96
• 15 Dressler D, Munchau A, Bhatia K P, Quinn N P, Bigalke H. Antibody induced botulinum toxin therapy failure.  Eur Neurol. 2002;  47 118-121
• 16 Matarasso A, Deva A K. American Society of Plastic Surgeons DATA Committee. Botulinum toxin.  Plast Reconstr Surg. 2002;  109 (3) 1191-1197
• 17 Scott A B. Clostridial toxins as therapeutic agents. In: Simpson L Botulinum Neurotoxin and Tetanus Toxin. New York; Academic Press 1989: 399-406
• 18 Jankovic N, Brin M F. Therapeutic uses of botulinum toxin.  N Engl J Med. 1991;  324 (17) 1186-1193
• 19 Klein A W. Dilution and storage of botulinum toxin.  Dermatol Surg. 1998;  24 (11) 1179-1180
• 20 Frankel A S, Kamer F M. Chemical browlift.  Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1998;  124 (3) 321-323
• 21 Huilgol S C, Carruthers A, Carruthers J D. Raising eyebrows with botulinum toxin.  Dematol Surg. 1999;  25 373-375
• 22 Carucci J A, Zweibel S M. Botulin A exotoxin for rejuvenation of the upper third of the face.  Facial Plast Surg. 2001;  17 (1) 11-19
• 23 Edelstein C, Shorr N, Jacobs J, Balch K, Goldberg R. Oculoplastic experience with the cosmetic use of botulinum A exotoxin.  Dermatol Surg. 1998;  24 1208-1212
• 24 Manaloto R M, Alster T S. Periorbital rejuvenation: a review of dermatologic treatments.  Dermatol Surg. 1999;  25 (1) 1-9
• 25 Guerrissi J, Sarkissian P. Local injection into mimetic muscles of botulinum toxin A for the treatment of facial lines.  Ann Plast Surg. 1997;  39 (5) 447-453
• 26 Larrabee Jr W F, Makielski K H. Surgical Anatomy of the Face. New York; Raven Press 1993
• 27 Brandt F S, Bellman B. Cosmetic use of botulinum A exotoxin for the aging neck.  Dematol Surg. 1998;  24 1232-1234
• 28 Carruthers J DA, Carruthers J A. Combining botulinum toxin injection and laser resurfacing for facial rhytids. In: Coleman W, Lawrence N Skin Resurfacing. Baltimore, MD; Williams & Wilkins 1998: 238-243