Zusammenfassung
Im vorliegenden Artikel werden Ziele, Anwendbarkeit und Voraussetzungen des Einsatzes
ereigniskorrelierter Hirnpotenziale (EKP) in der kognitiven Neurologie sowie in der
klinischen Forschung diskutiert. Es wird beleuchtet, welche Erwartungen man an die
Untersuchung mit EKPs stellen kann, und was bei der Interpretation der Daten zu beachten
ist. Spezielles Augenmerk wird auf die kognitiven EKPs gerichtet, deren Einsatz sich
im klinischen Kontext - von der klinischen Grundlagenforschung abgesehen - bisher
noch nicht breit durchgesetzt hat. Für zwei mit kognitiven Prozessen korrelierende
EKP-Komponenten werden Erfolg versprechende klinische Anwendungsbeispiele exemplarisch
herausgestellt und die Möglichkeiten des breiteren Einsatzes diskutiert. Auch wenn
die Erhebung kognitiver EKP-Komponenten in der Klinik mit mehr Aufwand verbunden ist
als die Messung früher evozierter Potenziale, werden sie einen zunehmend breiteren
Einsatz in der kognitiven Neurologie erfahren. Insbesondere in longitudinal angelegten
Untersuchungen, aber auch bei spezifischen diagnostischen Fragestellungen können sie
einen entscheidenden Beitrag liefern. Speziell sind Therapievalidierung, Verlaufsbeobachtung
und vergleichende Studien verschiedener therapeutischer Ansätze hervorzuheben. Um
diese Ziele erreichen zu können, sind Standardisierungen der Ableit- und Stimulationsbedingungen
sowie spezifische, hypothesengeleitete Fragestellungen erforderlich.
Abstract
The present article discusses aims, feasibility, and prerequisites of investigations
using event-related brain potentials (ERPs) in Cognitive Neurology and clinical research.
It sheds light on the issues of what can be expected from ERP measures and what needs
to be taken into account for data interpretation. Specific attention is directed on
cognitive ERPs which are not widely used in the clinical context - except for clinical
basic research. Promising examples for using two ERP components associated with cognitive
processes are discussed with respect to clinical utility. Even though collecting cognitive
ERP data is more demanding than measuring early evoked potentials, they will certainly
be used more in Cognitive Neurology in the future. Cognitive ERPs are well suited
particularly for longitudinal studies, but also for specific diagnostic questions.
Specifically, they provide tools to validate therapeutic effects, to objectively measure
the clinical course, and to perform comparative studies of different therapeutic approaches.
To meet these aims, a standardization of data collection and stimulus presentation
as well as specific, hypothesis-driven questions are required.
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1 Da dieselbe Potenzialverteilung auf der Kopfoberfläche von unterschiedlichen Kombinationen
generierender Strukturen durch Aufsummierung und Volumenleitung erzeugt werden kann,
lässt sich aus einer gemessenen Skalptopographie nicht eindeutig bestimmen, welche
Hirnstrukturen an der Bildung des untersuchten EKP beteiligt sind.
2 Hierbei handelt es sich streng genommen um die P3a-Komponente, die mit der Orientierungsreaktion
assoziiert ist, da die Patienten ihre Aufmerksamkeit nicht willentlich auf die Zielreize
richten können und somit den Stimuli nur passiv ausgesetzt werden.
Dr. med. Markus Ullsperger
Max-Planck-Institut für Kognitions- und Neurowissenschaften
Stephanstraße 1 a
04103 Leipzig
eMail: ullsperg@cbs.mpg.de