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DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-915284
Was gibt es Neues beim Schlaganfall 2004/2005?
What is New in Stroke 2004/2005?Publication History
Publication Date:
19 December 2005 (online)
Zusammenfassung
Im Folgenden werden die wichtigsten neuen Erkenntnisse zur Prävention und Behandlung des Schlaganfalls aus den Jahren 2004 und 2005 referiert. In der Primärprävention reduzierte Azetylsalizylsäure in der Womens' Health Study das Schlaganfallrisiko, nicht jedoch das Risiko für einen Myokardinfarkt. Angesichts des Risikos für gastrointestinale und intrazerebrale Blutungen sollte Azetylsalizylsäure dennoch nur bei Hochrisikopatienten in der Primärprävention eingesetzt werden. Ein maximales Schlaganfallrisiko nach transitorischer ischämischer Attacke konnte nun auch in zwei bevölkerungsbasierten Studien innerhalb der ersten 2 bzw. 7 Tage nach dem Ereignis nachgewiesen werden, was eine stationäre Aufnahme und Überwachung rechtfertigt. MR-basierte Akutstudien sowohl mit rekombinantem Gewebeplasminogenaktivator (rtPA) als auch mit einem neuen Thrombolytikum zeigen auch jenseits des 3-Stunden-Zeitfensters nach Schlaganfall eine vergleichbare Sicherheit und Effektivität wie mit den etablierten Zulassungskriterien von rtPA. Eine Oberkörperhochlagerung bei Verschluss der A. cerebri media verschlechtert in der Frühphase die zerebrale Perfusion, sodass eine flache Lagerung vorzuziehen ist. In der Sekundärprophylaxe wird bei Patienten mit einem Reinsultrisiko > 4 %/Jahr eine Kombinationstherapie mit Azetylsalizylsäure und Dipyridamol oder Monotherapie mit Clopidogrel empfohlen. Patienten mit symptomatischen intrakraniellen Stenosen profitieren nicht von einer oralen Antikoagulation. Bei intrazerebraler Blutung konnte in einer großen randomisierten Studie kein Vorteil einer operativen Hämatomausräumung nachgewiesen werden. Für die Stroke-Unit-Behandlung erfolgt ab 2006 über neue Fallgruppen (DRGs) eine bessere Vergütung durch deutlich höhere Relativgewichte.
Abstract
This overview summarizes the latest results and developments from stroke prevention and acute treatment studies published in 2004 and 2005. In the Womens' Health Study, aspirin was shown to significantly reduce the risk for first stroke but not myocardial infarction. However, as primary preventive strategy, aspirin should only be given to high-risk patients in view of the risk for gastrointestinal and intracerebral bleedings. Two population-based studies could demonstrate a very high risk for stroke within the first 2 (7) days following transient ischemic attack which justifies hospital admission and stroke unit treatment. MR-based acute stroke studies with recombinant tissue plaminogen activator (rtPA) as well as a new thrombolytic agent could show a similar safety and efficacy beyond the three hour time window compared to the established inclusion criteria of rtPA. Head of the bed elevated at 30 degrees decreases cerebral blood flow velocity in patients with acute middle cerebral artery occlusion who therefore may benefit from lower head-of-the-bed positions to promote residual blood flow to ischemic brain tissue. For secondary prevention in patients with a recurrent stroke risk > 4 %/year, a combination of aspirin and dipyridamole or clopidogrel is recommended. Patients with symptomatic intracranial stenosis do not profit from oral anticoagulation. A large randomised study in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage failed to demonstrate any benefit for operative evacuation of hematoma. Starting in 2006, new diagnosis related groups (DRGs) with increased relative cost weights will provide higher proceeds for stroke unit treatment in Germany.
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Prof. Dr. Hans-Christoph DienerFAHA, FAAN
PD Dr. Christian Weimar
Universitätsklinik für Neurologie · Universität Duisburg-Essen
Hufelandstraße 55
45122 Essen
Email: h.diener@uni-essen.de