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Semin Neurol 2005; 25(4): 435-444
DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-923537
Copyright © 2005 by Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc., 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage and Inflammation: Bench to Bedside and Back

J. Javier Provencio1 , 2 , Nirav Vora2
  • 1Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio
  • 2Department of Neurology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
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Publikationsverlauf

Publikationsdatum:
08. Dezember 2005 (online)

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ABSTRACT

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a devastating and complicated disease. The development of therapeutic interventions has been hampered by a poor understanding of the three components of the disease pathology in SAH: aneurysm rupture, cerebral edema, and vasospasm. The role of inflammation in the pathology of subarachnoid hemorrhage will be reviewed. The events leading up to aneurysm rupture are heralded by degradation of the endothelial cell layer integrity and inflammatory cell infiltration into the wall of the aneurysm. This is associated with release of active agents that can digest the basement membrane and may cause rupture. After rupture, cytokine release by mononuclear leukocytes is associated with early edema. Vasospasm is a complicated process that includes arterial wall thickening and vasoconstriction. Evidence supports the role of inflammation in free radical formation and in perturbations in nitric oxide and endothelin-1 levels that are important mediators of the vasoconstriction in vasospasm. Targeting the inflammatory mediators associated with the three prominent events in SAH is a promising strategy for reducing the mortality and morbidity in these patients. More study is needed to determine which specific effectors in the inflammatory cascade may serve as targets for intervention.

KEYWORDS

Subarachnoid hemorrhage - inflammation - vasospasm - immunology - cerebral aneurysm

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J. Javier ProvencioM.D. 

Assistant Professor, Lerner Cleveland Clinic College of Medicine of CWRU, Cleveland Clinic Foundation Neurology/S90, Cleveland, OH 44195