Literatur
-
1
Porter T F, LaCoursiere Y, Scott J R.
Immunotherapy for recurrent miscarriage.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
2006;
2
CD000112
-
2
Stirrat G M.
Recurrent miscarriage.
Lancet.
1990;
336
673-675
-
3
Horne A W, Alexander C I.
Recurrent miscarriage.
J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care.
2005;
31
103-107
-
4
Editorial. Investigation of recurrent miscarriages.
BMJ.
2005;
331
121-122
-
5
Rai R, Regan L.
Recurrent miscarriage.
Lancet.
2006;
368
601-611
-
6 Sackett D L, Straus S, Richardson S, Rosenberg W, Haynes R B. Evidence-Based Medicine: How to Practice and Teach EBM (2 nd Edition). London; Churchill Livingstone 2000: 35-57
-
7
Guyatt G, Gutterman D, Baumann M H, Addrizzo-Harris D, Hylek E M, Phillips B, Raskob G, Lewis S Z, Schunemann H.
Grading strength of recommendations and quality of evidence in clinical guidelines: report from an american college of chest physicians task force.
Chest.
2006;
129
174-181
-
8
Troiano R N.
Magnetic resonance imaging of Mullerian duct anomalies of the uterus.
Top Magn Reson Imaging.
2003;
14
269-279
-
9
Homer H A, Li T C, Cooke I D.
The septate uterus: a review of management and reproductive outcome.
Fertil Steril.
2000;
73
1-14
-
10
Raziel A, Arieli S, Bukovsky I, Caspi E, Golan A.
Investigation of the uterine cavity in recurrent aborters.
Fertil Steril.
1994;
62
1080-1082
-
11
Raga F, Bauset C, Remohi J, Bonilla-Musoles F, Simon C, Pellicer A.
A reproductive impact of congenital Mullerian anomalies.
Hum Reprod.
1997;
12
2277-2281
-
12
Fedele L, Bianchi S, Marchini M, Mezzopane R, Di Nola G, Tozzi L.
Residual uterine septum of less than 1 cm after hysteroscopic metroplasty does not impair reproductive outcome.
Hum Reprod.
1996;
11
727-729
-
13
Kormanyos Z, Molnar B G, Pal A.
Removal of a residual portion of a uterine septum in women of advanced reproductive age: obstetric outcome.
Hum Reprod.
2006;
21
1047-1051
-
14
Propst A M, Hill 3rd J A.
Anatomic factors associated with recurrent pregnancy loss.
Semin Reprod Med.
2000;
18
341-350
-
15
Leible S, Munoz H, Walton R, Sabaj V, Cumsille F, Sepulveda W.
Uterine artery blood flow velocity waveforms in pregnant women with Mullerian duct anomaly: a biologic model for uteroplacental insufficiency.
Am J Obstet Gynecol.
1998;
178
1048-1053
-
16
Devi Wold A S, Pham N, Arici A.
Anatomic factors in recurrent pregnancy loss.
Semin Reprod Med.
2006;
24
25-32
-
17
Römer T.
Post-abortion hysteroscopy - a method of early diagnosis of congenital and acquired intrauterine causes of abortions.
Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol.
1994;
57
171-173
-
18
Zikopoulos K A, Kolibianakis E M, Platteau P, de Munck L, Tournaye H, Devroey P, Camus M.
Live delivery rates in subfertile women with Asherman's syndrome after hysteroscopic adhesiolysis using the resectoscope or the Versapoint system.
Reprod Biomed Online.
2004;
8
720-725
-
19 Römer T, Straube W. Römer T, Straube W (Hrsg) Diagnostic hysteroscopy. Berlin, New York; de Gruyter 1996: 12-45
-
20
Surrey E S, Minjarez D A, Stevens J M, Schoolcraft W B.
Effect of myomectomy on the outcome of assisted reproductive technologies.
Fertil Steril.
2005;
83
1473-1479
-
21
Donnez J, Jadoul P.
What are the implications of myomas on fertility? A need for a debate?.
Hum Reprod.
2002;
17
1424-1430
-
22
Troiano R N, McCarthy S M.
Mullerian duct anomalies: imaging and clinical issues.
Radiology.
2004;
233
19-34
-
23
Kupesic S, Kurjak A, Skenderovic S, Bjelos D.
Screening for uterine abnormalities by three-dimensional ultrasound improves perinatal outcome.
J Perinat Med.
2002;
30
9-17
-
24
Hartman A, Hartman J, Hartman M, Streiner D L, Tur-Kapsa I.
Sonohysterography vs. 3D ultrasound for the diagnosis of uterine anomalies: a prospective blinded study of 500 consecutive women.
Hum Reprod.
2004;
19
42
-
25
Nawroth F, Schmidt T, Foth D.
Zum Stellenwert der Hysteroskopie als Screeningmethode in der Sterilitätsdiagnostik.
Geburtsh Frauenheilk.
2005;
65
139-143
-
26
Campo R, Molinas C R, Rombauts L, Mestdagh G, Lauwers M, Braekmans P, Brosens I, Van Belle Y, Gordts S.
Prospectice multicentre randomized controlled trial to evaluate factors influencing the success rate of office diagnostic hysteroscopy.
Hum Reprod.
2005;
20
258-263
-
27
Moher D, Schulz K F, Altman D. CONSORT Group .
The CONSORT Statement: Revised Recommendations for Improving the Quality of Reports of Parallel-Group Randomized Trials.
JAMA.
2001;
285
1987-1991
-
28
GRADE Working Group .
Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations.
BMJ.
2004;
328
1490
-
29
Eiben B, Bartels I, Bähr-Porsch S, Borgmann S, Gatz G, Gellert G, Goebel R, Hammans W, Hentemann M, Osmers R.
Cytogenetic analysis of 750 spontaneous abortions with the direct-preparation method of chorionic villi and its implications for studying genetic causes of pregnancy wastage.
Am J Hum Genet.
1990;
47
656-663
-
30
Twisk M, Mastenbroek S, Wely M, Heineman M J, Veen F, Repping S.
Preimplantation genetic screening for abnormal number of chromosomes (aneuploidies) in in vitro fertilisation or intracytoplasmic sperm injection.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
2006;
2
CD005291
-
31
Franssen M T, Korevaar J C, van der Veen F, Leschot N J, Bossuyt P M, Goddijn M.
Reproductive outcome after chromosome analysis in couples with two or more miscarriages: index [corrected]-control study.
BMJ.
2006;
332
759-763
BMJ.
2006;
332
1012
-
32
Sullivan A E, Silver R M, LaCoursiere D Y, Porter T F, Branch D W.
Recurrent fetal aneuploidy and recurrent miscarriage.
Obstet Gynecol.
2004;
104
784-788
-
33
Sugiura-Ogasawara, Ozaki Y, Sato T, Suzumori N, Suzumori K.
Poor prognosis of recurrent aborters with either maternal or paternal reciprocal translocations.
Fertil Steril.
2004;
81
367-373
-
34
Carp H, Feldman B, Oelsner G, Schiff E.
Parental karyotype and subsequent live births in recurrent miscarriage.
Fertil Steril.
2004;
81
1296-1301
-
35
Platteau P, Staessen C, Michiels A, Van Steirteghem A, Liebaers I, Devroey P.
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis for aneuploidy screening in women older than 37 years.
Fertil Steril.
2005;
84
319-324
-
36
Munne S, Chen S, Fischer J, Colls P, Zheng X, Stevens J, Escudero T, Oter M, Schoolcraft B, Simpson J L, Cohen J.
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis reduces pregnancy loss in women aged 35 years and older with a history of recurrent miscarriages.
Fertil Steril.
2005;
84
331-335
-
37
Platteau P, Staesson C, Michaels A, Van Steirteghem A, Liebaers I, Devroey P.
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis for aneuploidy screening in patients with recurrent miscarriages.
Fertil Steril.
2005;
83
393-397
-
38 Kunz R, Vist G, Oxman A D. Randomisation to protect against selection bias in healthcare trials. The Cochrane Database of Methodology Reviews. 2006 Issue 2
-
39
Vaquero E, Lazzarin N, De Carolis C, Valensise H, Moretti C, Ramanini C.
Mild thyroid abnormalities and recurrent spontaneous abortion: diagnostic and therapeutical approach.
Am J Reprod Immunol.
2000;
43
204-208
-
40
Daniels G H.
Thyroid disease and pregnancy: a clinical overview.
Endocr Pract.
1995;
1
287-301
-
41
Casey B M, Dashe J S, Wells C E, McIntire D D, Byrd W, Leveno K J, Cunningham F G.
Subclinical hypothyroidism and pregnancy outcomes.
Obstet Gynecol.
2005;
105
239-245
-
42
Esplin M S, Branch D W, Silver R, Stagnaro-Green A.
Thyroid autoantibodies are not associated with recurrent pregnancy loss.
Am J Obstet Gynecol.
1998;
179
1583-1586
-
43
Kutteh W H, Yetman D L, Carr A C, Beck L A, Scott R T.
Increased prevalence of antithyroid antibodies identified in women with recurrent pregnancy loss but not in women undergoing assisted reproduction.
Fertil Steril.
1999;
71
843-848
-
44
Jauniaux E, Farquharson R G, Christiansen O B, Exalto N.
Evidence-based guidelines for the investigation and medical treatment of recurrent miscarriage.
Hum Reprod.
2006;
21
2216-2222
-
45
Clifford K, Rai R, Watson H, Franks S, Regan L.
Does suppressing luteinising hormone secretion reduce the miscarriage rate? Results of a randomized controlled trial.
Brit Med J.
1996;
312
1508-1511
-
46
Craig L B, Ke R W, Kutteh W H.
Increased prevalence of insulin resistance in women with a history of recurrent pregnancy loss.
Fertil Steril.
2002;
78
487-490
-
47
Glueck C J, Phillips H, Cameron D, Sieve-Smith L, Wang P.
Continuing metformin throughout pregnancy in women with polycystic ovary syndrome appears to safely reduce first-trimester spontaneous abortion: a pilot study.
Fertil Steril.
2001;
75
46-52
-
48
Jakubowicz D J, Iuorno M J, Jakubowicz S, Roberts K A, Nestler J E.
Effects of metformin on early pregnancy loss in the polycystic ovary syndrome.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab.
2002;
87
524-529
-
49
Vanky E, Salvesen K A, Heimstad R, Fougner K J, Romundstad P, Carlsen S M.
Metformin reduces pregnancy complications without affecting androgen levels in pregnant polycystic ovary syndrome women: results of a randomized study.
Hum Reprod.
2004;
19
1734-1740
-
50
Brock B, Smidt K, Ovesen P, Schmitz O, Rungby J.
Is metformin therapy for polycystic ovary syndrome safe during pregnancy?.
Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol.
2005;
96
410-412
-
51
Csapo A I, Pulkkinen M O, Wiest W G.
Effects of luteectomy and progesterone replacement therapy in early pregnant patients.
Am J Obstet Gynecol.
1973;
115
759-765
-
52
Oates-Whitehead R M, Haas D M, Carrier J A.
Progestogen for preventing miscarriage.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
2003;
4
CD003511
-
53
Scott J R, Pattison N.
Human chorionic gonadotrophin for recurrent miscarriage.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
2000;
2
CD000101
-
54
Beydoun H, Saftlas A F.
Association of human leucocyte antigen sharing with recurrent spontaneous abortions.
Tissue Antigens.
2005;
65
123-135
-
55 Redman C WG. UK multicenter paternal cell immunization trial. UK multicenter paternal cell immunization trial. Nuffeld Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Maternity Department, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU. 1996; Personal communication.
-
56
Daya S, Gunby J, Clark D A.
Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for recurrent spontaneous abortion: a meta-analysis.
Am J Reproduct Immunol.
1998;
39
69-76
-
57
Daya S, Gunby J, Porter F, Scott J, Clark D A.
Critical analysis of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for recurrent miscarriage.
Human Reproduction Update.
1999;
5
475-482
-
58
Singh D.
Royal college warns against “unsound tests” for infertility.
BMJ.
2003;
327
641
-
59
Miyakis S, Lockshin M D, Atsumi T, Branch D W, Brey R L, Cervera R, Derksen R H, De Groot P G, Koike T, Meroni P L, Reber G, Shoenfeld Y, Tincani A, Vlachoyiannopoulos P G, Krilis S A.
International consensus statement on an update of the classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome (APS).
J Thromb Haemost.
2006;
4
295-306
-
60
Rey E, Kahn S R, David M, Shrier I.
Thrombophilic disorders and fetal loss: a meta-analysis.
Lancet.
2003;
361
901-908
-
61
Ludwig M, Gutensohn K, Becker W, Schulte H MS.
Thrombophiliediagnostik unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Frauenheilkunde und Geburtshilfe.
Geburtsh Frauenheilk.
2006;
66
R171-R198
-
62
Out H J, Kooijman C D, Bruinse H W, Derksen R H.
Histopathological findings in placentae from patients with intra-uterine fetal death and anti-phospholipid antibodies.
Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol.
1991;
41
179-186
-
63
Rai R, Regan L, Hadley E, Dave M, Cohen H.
Second-trimester pregnancy loss is associated with activated C resistance.
Br J Haematol.
1996;
92
489-490
-
64
Willeke A, Gerdsen F, Bauersachs R, Lindhoff-Last E.
Rationelle Thrombophiliediagnostik.
Dtsch Ärztebl.
2002;
99
A2111-A2118
-
65
Wolf C E, Haubelt H, Pauer H U, Hinney B, Krome-Cesar C, Legler T J, Hellstern P, Emons G, Zoll B, Kohler M.
Recurrent pregnancy loss and its relation to FV Leiden, FII G20210A and polymorphisms of plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor.
Pathophysiol Haemost Thromb.
2003;
33
134-137
-
66
Mtiraoui N, Borgi L, Hizem S, Nsiri B, Finan R R, Gris J C, Almawi W Y, Mahjoub T.
Prevalence of antiphospholipid antibodies, factor V G1691A (Leiden) and prothrombin G20210A mutations in early and late recurrent pregnancy loss.
Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol.
2005;
119
164-170
-
67
Mahjoub T, Mtiraoui N, Tamim H, Hizem S, Finan R R, Nsiri B, Almawi W Y.
Association between adverse pregnancy outcomes and maternal factor V G1691A (Leiden) and prothrombin G20210A genotypes in women with a history of recurrent idiopathic miscarriages.
Am J Hematol.
2005;
80
12-19
-
68
Kutteh W H, Triplett D A.
Thrombophilias and recurrent pregnancy loss.
Semin Reprod Med.
2006;
24
54-66
-
69
Dossenbach-Glaninger A, van Trotsenburg M, Dossenbach M, Oberkanins C, Moritz A, Krugluger W, Huber J, Hopmeier P.
Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 4G/5G polymorphism and coagulation factor XIII Val34Leu polymorphism: impaired fibrinolysis and early pregnancy loss.
Clin Chem.
2003;
49
1081-1086
-
70
Ogasawara M S, Aoki K, Katano K, Ozaki Y, Suzumori K.
Factor XII but not protein C, protein S, antithrombin III, or factor XIII is a predictor of recurrent miscarriage.
Fertil Steril.
2001;
75
916-919
-
71
Pauer H U, Burfeind P, Kostering H, Emons G, Hinney B.
Factor XII deficiency is strongly associated with primary recurrent abortions.
Fertil Steril.
2003;
80
590-594
-
72
Walch K, Riener E K, Tempfer C B, Endler G, Huber J C, Unfried G.
The C46T polymorphism of the coagulation factor XII gene and idiopathic recurrent miscarriage.
BJOG.
2005;
112
1434-1436
-
73
Legnani C, Cini M, Cosmi B, Poggi M, Boggian O, Palareti G.
Risk of deep vein thrombosis: interaction between oral contraceptives and high factor VIII levels.
Haematologica.
2004;
89
1347-1351
-
74
Marietta M, Facchinetti F, Sgarbi L, Simoni L, Bertesi M, Torelli G, Vople A.
Elevated plasma levels of factor VIII in women with early recurrent miscarriage.
J Thromb Haemost.
2003;
1
2536-2539
-
75
Dossenbach-Glaninger A, van Trotsenburg M, Krugluger W, Dossenbach M R, Oberkanins C, Huber J, Hopmeier P.
Elevated coagulation factor VIII and the risk for recurrent early pregnancy loss.
Thromb Haemost.
2004;
91
694-699
-
76
Aflalo E D, Sod-Moriah U A, Potashnik G, Har-Vardi I.
Differences in the implantation rates of rat embryos developed in vivo and in vitro: possible role for plasminogen activators.
Fertil Steril.
2004;
81
780-785
-
77
Chung H W, Wen Y, Ahn J J, Moon H S, Polan M L.
Interleukin-1beta regulates urokinase plasminogen activator (u-PA), u-PA receptor, soluble u-PA receptor, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 messenger ribonucleic acid expression in cultured human endometrial stromal cells.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab.
2001;
86
1332-1340
-
78
Kohler H P, Grant P J.
Plasminogen-activator inhibitor type 1 and coronary artery disease.
N Engl J Med.
2000;
342
1792-1801
-
79
Buchholz T, Lohse P, Rogenhofer N, Kosian E, Pihusch R, Thaler C J.
Polymorphisms in the ACE and PAI‐1 genes are associated with recurrent spontaneous miscarriages.
Hum Reprod.
2003;
18
2473-2477
-
80
Coulam C B, Jeyendran R S, Fishel L A, Roussev R G.
Multiple thrombophilic gene mutations are risk factors for implantation failure.
Reprod Biomed Online.
2006;
12
322-327
-
81
Jivraj S, Rai R, Underwood J, Regan L.
Genetic thrombophilic mutations among couples with recurrent miscarriage.
Hum Reprod.
2006;
21
1161-1165
-
82
Empson M, Lassere M, Craig J, Scott J.
Prevention of miscarriage for women with antiphospholipid antibody or lupus anticoagulant.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
2005;
2
CD002859
-
83
Gris J C, Mercier E, Quere I, Lavigne-Lissalde G, Cochery-Nouvellon E, Hoffet M, Ripart-Neveu S, Tailland M L, Dauzat M, Mares P.
Low-molecular weight heparin versus low-dose aspirin in women with one fetal loss and a constitutional thrombophilic disorder.
Blood.
2004;
103
3695-3699
-
84
Kluijtmans L A, van den Heuvel L P, Boers G H, Frost P, Stevens E M, van Oost B A, den Heijer M, Trijbels F J, Rozen R, Blom H J.
Molecular genetic analysis in mild hyperhomocysteinemia: a common mutation in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene is a genetic risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
Am J Hum Genet.
1996;
55
35-41
-
85
Nelen W L, Blom H J, Thomas C M, Steegers E A, Boers C H, Eskes T K.
Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphism affects the change in homocysteine and folate concentrations resulting from low dose folic acid supplementation in women with unexplained recurrent miscarriages.
J Nutr.
1998;
128
1336-1341
-
86
Blumenfeld Z, Brenner B.
Thrombophilia associated pregnancy wastage.
Fertil Steril.
1999;
72
765-774
-
87
Coumans A B, Huijgens P C, Jakobs C, Schats R, de Vries J I, Van Pampus M G, Dekker G A.
Haemostatic and metabolic abnormalities in women with unexplained recurrent abortion.
Hum Reprod.
1999;
14
211-214
-
88
Kutteh W H, Park V M, Deitcher S R.
Hypercoagulable state mutation analysis in white patients with early first-trimester recurrent pregnancy loss.
Fertil Steril.
1999;
71
1048-1053
-
89
Pihusch R, Buchholz T, Lohse P, Rubsamen H, Rogenhofer N, Hasbargen U, Hiller E, Thaler C J.
Thrombophilic gene mutations and recurrent spontaneous abortion: prothrombin mutation increases the risk in the first trimester.
Am J Reprod Immunol.
2001;
46
124-131
-
90
Brenner B, Sarig G, Weiner Z, Younis J, Blumenfeld Z, Lanir N.
Thrombophilic polymorphisms are common in women with fetal loss without apparent cause.
Thromb Haemost.
1999;
82
6-9
-
91
Kupferminc M J, Eldor A, Steinman N, Many A, Bar-Am A, Jaffa A, Fait G, Lessing J B.
Increased frequency of the genetic thrombophilia in women with complications of pregnancy.
N Engl J Med.
1999;
340
9-13
-
92
Tranquilli A L, Giannubilo S R, Dell'Uomo B, Grandone E.
Adverse pregnancy outcomes are associated with multiple maternal thrombophilic factors.
Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol.
2004;
117
144-147
-
93
Coulam C B, Jeyendran R S, Fishel L A, Roussev R.
Multiple thrombophilic gene mutations rather than specific gene mutations are risk factors for recurrent miscarriage.
Am J Reprod Immunol.
2006;
55
360-368
-
94
Stanger O, Herrmann W, Pietrzik K, Fowler B, Geisel J, Dierkes J, Weger M. DACH‐LIGA Homocystein e.V. .
DACH‐LIGA homocystein (german, austrian and swiss homocysteine society): consensus paper on the rational clinical use of homocysteine, folic acid and B‐vitamins in cardiovascular and thrombotic diseases: guidelines and recommendations.
Clin Chem Lab Med.
2003;
41
1392-1403
-
95
Bønaa K H, Njolstad I, Ueland P M, Schirmer H, Tverdal A, Steigen T, Wang H, Nordrehaug J E, Arnesen E, Rasmussen K. NORVIT Trial Investigators .
Homocysteine lowering and cardiovascular events after acute myocardial infarction.
N Engl J Med.
2006;
354
1578-1588
-
96
Lonn E, Yusuf S, Arnold M J, Sheridan P, Pogue J, Micks M, McQueen M J, Probstfield J, Fodor G, Held C, Genest Jr J. Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) 2 Investigators .
Homocysteine lowering with folic acid and B vitamins in vascular disease.
N Engl J Med.
2006;
354
1567-1577
-
97
Rumbold A, Middleton P, Crowther C A.
Vitamin supplementation for preventing miscarriage.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
2005;
2
CD004073
-
98
Sheiner E, Levy A, Katz M, Mazor M.
Pregnancy outcome following recurrent spontaneous abortions.
Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol.
2005;
118
61-65
-
99
Tempfer C B, Kurz C, Bentz E K, Unfried G, Walch K, Czizek U, Huber J C.
A combination treatment of prednisone, aspirin, folate, and progesterone in women with idiopathic recurrent miscarriage: a matched-pair study.
Fertil Steril.
2006;
86
145-148
-
100
Aleman A, Althabe F, Belizan J, Bergel E.
Bed rest during pregnancy for preventing miscarriage.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
2005;
2
CD003576
Priv.-Doz. Dr. med. Frank Nawroth
Endokrinologikum Hamburg
Lornsenstraße 4 - 6
22767 Hamburg
eMail: Frank.Nawroth@Endokrinologikum.com
