Mechanismen der Autoimmunität

Zusammenfassung

Autoimmunität entsteht als Folge verschiedener, sich gegenseitig beeinflussender Faktoren, die insgesamt ein Versagen oder den Zusammenbruch der Autotoleranz verursachen. Durch Verwendung molekularbiologischer Techniken ist das Wissen über die Mechanismen von Autoimmunerkrankungen in den letzten Jahren gestiegen. Dies betrifft im Bereich der Dermatologie insbesondere die Kollagenosen und blasenbildenden Autoimmundermatosen. Bei den meisten Autoimmunerkrankungen besteht eine Assoziation mit bestimmten MHC Klasse I- und II-Molekülen. Die immunologischen Mechanismen, welche die Autoimmunität beeinflussen, beinhalten Störungen der Lymphozytenselektion und peripherer Toleranzvorgänge, polyklonale Aktivierung autoreaktiver Lymphozyten, Kreuzreaktionen zwischen Antigenen und Störungen in der Regulation von Lymphozytenreaktionen. Infektionen, Medikamente, Gewebeschädigungen, hormonale Faktoren, UV-Licht und Malignome tragen ebenfalls zum Entstehen von Autoimmunerkrankungen bei. Das verbesserte Verständnis der Pathomechanismen der Autoimmunität lässt für die Zukunft neue immunmodulatorische Therapieansätze erhoffen.

Abstract

Autoimmunity originates as a result of different, mutually influencing factors together causing the failure or breakdown of self-tolerance. By use of biomolecular techniques, knowledge of the mechanisms of autoimmune diseases has extended during the recent years. In dermatology, this concerns in particular connective tissue and autoimmune bullous diseases. For most autoimmune diseases, an association exists with certain MHC class I and II molecules. The immunological mechanisms underlying autoimmunity include disturbances in the selection of lymphocytes and peripheral tolerance processes, polyclonal activation of autoreactive lymphocytes, cross-reactions between antigens and failure in the regulation of lymphocytic reactions. Infections, drugs, tissue damages, hormonal factors, ultraviolet light and malignomas may also contribute to the induction of autoimmune diseases. Increasing knowledge on the pathomechanisms of autoimmunity, may lead to novel immunomodulatory strategies in the future.

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