Zusammenfassung
Einleitung Die entscheidende Frage in der Diagnostik des iNPH ist die möglichst zuverlässige
und präoperative Vorhersage des Outcomes nach Shuntoperation. Zahl und Art der Nebenerkrankungen
wie arterieller Hypertonus, zerebrovaskuläre Erkrankungen, Gefäßerkrankungen, Diabetes
mellitus oder symptomatische Parkinsonerkrankungen, rücken als Prädiktoren zunehmend
in den Fokus. Methode Bei 95 Patienten, die zwischen 1997 und 2004 aufgrund eines iNPH durch Implantation
eines Schwerkraftventils als ventrikuloperitonealer Shunt therapiert wurden, erfolgte
die Analyse der Nebenerkrankungen. 2 Jahre postoperativ konnten 82 Patienten nachuntersucht
werden. Die Ergebnisse dieser prospektiven Nachuntersuchung (Kiefer-Score, NPH-Recovery-Rate)
wurden dabei dem Komorbiditätsindex (CMI) gegenübergestellt. Ergebnisse Bei einem CMI von 0 - 1 Punkten (18 Patienten) wurden 67 % exzellente, 28 % gute,
5 % befriedigende und 0 % schlechte Krankheitsverläufe eruiert. Ein CMI von 2 - 3
Punkten verschlechtert die Behandlungsergebnisse augenscheinlich (33 Patienten: 42
%, 30 %, 18 %, 10 %). Bei einem CMI von 4 - 5 Punkten (22 Patienten: 14 %, 27 %, 23
%, 36 %) und einem CMI von 6 - 8 Punkten (9 Patienten: 0 %, 10 %, 45 %, 45 %) sind
statistisch deutlich schlechtere Krankheitsverläufe zu finden. Schlussfolgerungen Die Komorbidität stellt bei Patienten mit iNPH einen statistisch signifikanten Prädiktor
bezüglich des Krankheitsverlaufes nach Shuntoperation dar. Bei einem Komorbiditätsindex
> 3 Punkten ist die Indikation zur Shuntoperation kritisch zu stellen. Bei einem Komorbiditätsindex
> 6 Punkten ist aufgrund der Nebenerkrankungen kein guter Therapieerfolg zu erwarten.
Abstract
Introduction A critical question in the diagnosis and treatment of idiopathic normal-pressure
hydrocephalus (iNPH) is that of which preoperative factors can most reliably predict
outcomes following shunt insertion. The number and type of comorbidities, such as
arterial hypertension, stroke, diabetes mellitus, vascular disease or symptomatic
Parkinson's disease are increasingly being proposed as important predictive indicators.
Method Between 1997 and 2004, 95 patients were implanted with a gravity-assisted ventriculo-peritoneal
shunt as treatment for idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus. All coincident disease
processes were recorded. 82 of these patients underwent follow-up two years postoperatively.
The results of this prospective follow-up examination (Kiefer score, NPH recovery
rate) were compared with the preoperative comorbidity index (CMI). Results Of the patients with a CMI score of 0 - 1 (n = 18), 67 % experienced an excellent
outcome, 28 % a good outcome and 5 % and 0 % a satisfactory and poor outcome, respectively.
A CMI score of 2 - 3 was associated with markedly poorer outcomes (n = 33); 42 % excellent,
30 % good, 18 % satisfactory, 10 % poor. A score of 4 - 5 was related to 14 % excellent,
27 % good, 23 % satisfactory and 36 % poor outcomes (n = 22). Remarkably few patients
scoring between 6 - 8 on the CMI scale experienced a favourable outcome. The outcomes
for this latter group were 0 % excellent, 10 % good, 45 % satisfactory and 45 % poor
(n = 9). Conclusion Comorbidity is a statistically significant predictor of the quality of the clinical
outcome for patients with iNPH undergoing shunt therapy. A CMI of more than 3 significantly
decreases the chance of a favourable outcome and this should form part of the assessment
when the risks and benefits of surgery are considered. Due to factors arising from
comorbidity, a successful outcome in patients with a CMI of 6 or more is not to be
expected.
Schlüsselwörter
idiopathischer Normaldruckhydrozephalus - Komorbidität - postoperativer Krankheitsverlauf
Key words
idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus - comorbidity - outcome
Literatur
1
Kiefer M, Eymann R, Steudel W I.
Outcome predictors for normal-pressure hydrocephalus.
Acta Neurochir.
2006;
96, Suppl
364-367
2
Meier U, Zeilinger F S, Kintzel D.
Signs, symptoms and course of disease in normal pressure hydrocephalus in relation
to cerebral atrophy.
Acta Neurochir (Wien).
1999;
141
1039-1048
3
Meier U, Kiefer M, Bartels P.
The ICP-dependency of resistance to cerebrospinal fluid outflow: A new mathematical
method for CSF-parameter calculation in a model with H-Tx rats.
J Clin Neuroscience.
2002;
9
58-63
4
Meier U, Bartels P.
The importance of the intrathecal infusion test in the diagnostic of normal pressure
hydrocephalus.
Europ Neurol.
2001;
46
178-186
5
Meier U.
The grading of normal pressure hydrocephalus.
Biomed Engineering.
2002;
47
54-58
6
Meier U, Kiefer M, Sprung C.
Evaluation of the Dual-Switch-Valve in patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus.
Surg Neurol.
2004;
61
119-128
7 Meier U, Kiefer M, Sprung C. Normal-pressure hydrocephalus: Pathology, pathophysiology,
diagnostics, therapeutics and clinical course. Ratingen; PVV Science Publications
2003
8
Kiefer M, Eymann R, Meier U.
Five years experience with gravitational shunts in chronic hydrocephalus of adults.
Acta Neurochir (Wien).
2002;
144
755-767
9
Boon A J, Tans J T, Delwel E J. et al .
Dutch Normal-Pressure Hydrocephalus Study: the role of cerebrovascular disease.
J Neurosurg.
1999;
90
221-226
10
Golomb J, Wisoff J, Miller D C. et al .
Alzheimer's disease comorbidity in normal pressure hydrocephalus: prevalence and shunt
response.
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry.
2000;
68
778-781
11
Savolainen S, Paljarvi L, Vapalahti M.
Prevalence of Alzheimer's disease in patients investigated for presumed normal pressure
hydrocephalus: a clinical and neuropathological study.
Acta Neurochir (Wien).
1999;
141
849-853
12
Vanneste J A.
Diagnosis and management of normal-pressure hydrocephalus.
J Neurol.
2000;
247
5-14
13
Tullberg M. et al .
CSF sulfatide distinguishes between nph and subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy.
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry.
2000;
69
74-81
14
Bech R A, Waldemar G, Gjerris F. et al .
Shunting effects in patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus; Correlation
with cerebral and leptomeningeal biopsy findings.
Acta Neurochir (Wien).
1999;
141
633-639
15
Borgesen S E.
Conductance to outflow of CSF in normal pressure Hydrocephalus.
Acta Neurochir (Wien).
1984;
71
1-15
16
Hebb A O, Cusimano M D.
Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: a systematic review of diagnosis and outcome.
Neurosurgery.
2001;
49
1166-1186
17
Drake J M, Kestle J RW, Milner R. et al .
Randomized trial of cerebrospinal fluid shunt valve design in pediatric hydrocephalus.
Neurosurgery.
1998;
43
294-305
Prof. Dr. med. Ullrich Meier
Neurochirurgische Klinik, Unfallkrankenhaus Berlin
Warener Straße 7
12683 Berlin
Email: ullrich.meier@ukb.de