Zusammenfassung
In dieser Übersicht werden neuropsychologische Grundlagen der Aufmerksamkeit, neurobiologische
Korrelate der Aufmerksamkeit, neurologische Störungen der Aufmerksamkeit, Prinzipien
der Aufmerksamkeitsdiagnostik sowie Prinzipien der Rehabilitation von Aufmerksamkeitsfunktionen
behandelt. Neben der Differenzierung von exogenen und endogenen Komponenten der Aufmerksamkeit
werden die Hypothesen der frühen bzw. späten Selektion der Eingangsinformation sowie
der räumlichen, objekt- bzw. dimensionsbezogenen Informationsselektion dargestellt.
Mit dem Feature-similarity-gain-Modell wird ein neuronales Modell selektiver Aufmerksamkeit
vorgestellt. Ferner wird die Hypothese erläutert, nach der endogene Aufmerksamkeitskontrolle
in einem bilateralen dorsalen Aufmerksamkeitssystem, exogene Aufmerksamkeitsallokation
jedoch in einem rechtslateralen ventralen Aufmerksamkeitssystem lokalisiert ist. Kortikale
und subkortikale Mechanismen der Aufmerksamkeit werden besprochen. Klinisch manifeste
Aufmerksamkeitsstörungen werden detailliert vorgestellt, v. a. Neglekt, Extinktion,
Simultanagnosie, Aufmerksamkeitsstörungen im Zusammenhang mit präfrontalen Hirnschädigungen
und Störungen der Aufmerksamkeitsintensität. Klinische und psychometrische Verfahren
für die Diagnostik spezifischer Aufmerksamkeitsfunktionen und -störungen werden dargestellt.
Schließlich wird kurz auf neuropsychologische Behandlungsansätze für den Neglekt sowie
für weitere Störungen spezifischer Aufmerksamkeitsfunktionen eingegangen.
Abstract
This review discusses neuropsychological foundations of attention, neurobiological
correlates of attention, neurological disorders of attention, principles of the assessment
of attentional functioning and principles of the rehabilitation of attentional disorders.
The dissociation between exogenous and endogenous components of attention is briefly
described. Early and late hypotheses as well as spatial, object-related and dimension-related
hypotheses of attentional selection are introduced. The feature-similarity-gain model,
a neural model of selective attention, is briefly presented. The hypothesis is outlined
according to which endogenous attentional control is subserved by a bilateral dorsal
attention network, whereas exogenous attentional allocation is a function of a right-lateralised
ventral attention system. Cortical and subcortical substrates of attention are displayed.
The review describes clinical disorders of attention in detail, primarily neglect,
extinction, simultanagnosia, attention disorders related to prefrontal lesions and
disorders of intensity aspects of attention. Procedures for the clinical and psychometric
assessment of attention functions and disorders are described. The review finally
offers a brief discussion of neuropsychological treatments for neglect and other disorders
of attention.
Schlüsselwörter
Neuropsychologie - Aufmerksamkeit - Neglekt
Key words
neuropsychology - attention - neglect
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Dr. Bruno Kopp
Neurologische Klinik, Klinikum Braunschweig und Forschungsgesellschaft für Kognitive
Neurologie, Institut an der Technischen Universität Carolo-Wilhelmina zu Braunschweig
Salzdahlumer Straße 90
38126 Braunschweig
Email: b.kopp@klinikum-braunschweig.de