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Aktuelle Neurologie 2008; 35(1): 16-27
DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-986253
Übersicht

© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Neuropsychologie der Aufmerksamkeit

Neuropsychology of AttentionB.  Kopp1 , K.  Wessel1
  • 1Neurologische Klinik, Klinikum Braunschweig und Forschungsgesellschaft für Kognitive Neurologie, Institut an der Technischen Universität Carolo-Wilhelmina zu Braunschweig
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Publication History

Publication Date:
26 November 2007 (online)

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Zusammenfassung

In dieser Übersicht werden neuropsychologische Grundlagen der Aufmerksamkeit, neurobiologische Korrelate der Aufmerksamkeit, neurologische Störungen der Aufmerksamkeit, Prinzipien der Aufmerksamkeitsdiagnostik sowie Prinzipien der Rehabilitation von Aufmerksamkeitsfunktionen behandelt. Neben der Differenzierung von exogenen und endogenen Komponenten der Aufmerksamkeit werden die Hypothesen der frühen bzw. späten Selektion der Eingangsinformation sowie der räumlichen, objekt- bzw. dimensionsbezogenen Informationsselektion dargestellt. Mit dem Feature-similarity-gain-Modell wird ein neuronales Modell selektiver Aufmerksamkeit vorgestellt. Ferner wird die Hypothese erläutert, nach der endogene Aufmerksamkeitskontrolle in einem bilateralen dorsalen Aufmerksamkeitssystem, exogene Aufmerksamkeitsallokation jedoch in einem rechtslateralen ventralen Aufmerksamkeitssystem lokalisiert ist. Kortikale und subkortikale Mechanismen der Aufmerksamkeit werden besprochen. Klinisch manifeste Aufmerksamkeitsstörungen werden detailliert vorgestellt, v. a. Neglekt, Extinktion, Simultanagnosie, Aufmerksamkeitsstörungen im Zusammenhang mit präfrontalen Hirnschädigungen und Störungen der Aufmerksamkeitsintensität. Klinische und psychometrische Verfahren für die Diagnostik spezifischer Aufmerksamkeitsfunktionen und -störungen werden dargestellt. Schließlich wird kurz auf neuropsychologische Behandlungsansätze für den Neglekt sowie für weitere Störungen spezifischer Aufmerksamkeitsfunktionen eingegangen.

Abstract

This review discusses neuropsychological foundations of attention, neurobiological correlates of attention, neurological disorders of attention, principles of the assessment of attentional functioning and principles of the rehabilitation of attentional disorders. The dissociation between exogenous and endogenous components of attention is briefly described. Early and late hypotheses as well as spatial, object-related and dimension-related hypotheses of attentional selection are introduced. The feature-similarity-gain model, a neural model of selective attention, is briefly presented. The hypothesis is outlined according to which endogenous attentional control is subserved by a bilateral dorsal attention network, whereas exogenous attentional allocation is a function of a right-lateralised ventral attention system. Cortical and subcortical substrates of attention are displayed. The review describes clinical disorders of attention in detail, primarily neglect, extinction, simultanagnosia, attention disorders related to prefrontal lesions and disorders of intensity aspects of attention. Procedures for the clinical and psychometric assessment of attention functions and disorders are described. The review finally offers a brief discussion of neuropsychological treatments for neglect and other disorders of attention.

Schlüsselwörter

Neuropsychologie - Aufmerksamkeit - Neglekt

Key words

neuropsychology - attention - neglect

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Dr. Bruno Kopp

Neurologische Klinik, Klinikum Braunschweig und Forschungsgesellschaft für Kognitive Neurologie, Institut an der Technischen Universität Carolo-Wilhelmina zu Braunschweig

Salzdahlumer Straße 90

38126 Braunschweig

Email: b.kopp@klinikum-braunschweig.de