Literatur
-
1 Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group: A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc for age-related macular degeneration and vision loss: AREDS report no. 8. Arch Ophthalmol 2001 119:: 1417-1436
-
2 ATBC Study Group: Incidence of cancer and mortality following alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplementation: a post-intervention follow-up. JAMA 2003 290: 476-485
-
3
Barker M E, McCloskey E, Saha S, Gossiel F. et al .
Serum retinoids and beta-carotene as predictors of hip and other fractures in elderly women.
J Bone Miner Res.
2005;
20
913-920
-
4 Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung: Verwendung von Vitaminen in Lebensmitteln. Toxikologische und ernährungsphysiologische Aspekte, Teil I. Berlin; BfR-Wissenschaft 2004. http://www.bfr.bund.de/cm/238/verwendung_von_vitaminen_in_lebensmitteln. pdf
-
5
Chylack Jr. L T , Brown N P, Bron A, Hurst M. et al .
The Roche European American Cataract Trial (REACT): A randomized clinical trial to investigate the efficacy of an oral antioxidant micronutrient mixture to slow progression of age-related cataract.
Ophthalmic Epidemiology.
2002;
9
49-80
-
6
Crandall C.
Vitamin A intake and osteoporosis: a clinical review.
J Womens Health.
2004;
13
939-953
-
7 D-A-CH: Referenzwerte für die Nährstoffzufuhr. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung u.a Frankfurt; Umschau/Braus 2000
-
8 Expert Group on Vitamins and Minerals: Safe Upper Levels for Vitamins and Minerals. Food Standards Agency United Kingdom; 2003. http://www.foodstandards.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/vitmin2003.pdf
-
9
Fotouhi N, Meydani M, Santos M S, Meydani S N. et al .
Carotenoid and tocopherol concentrations in plasma, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and red blood cells after long-term beta-carotene supplementation in men.
Am J Clin Nutr.
1996;
63
553-558
-
10 Gesellschaft für angewandte Vitaminforschung: Stellungnahme der Gesellschaft für angewandte Vitaminforschung (GVF) zum Bescheid des Bundesinstitutes für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte (BfArM) über Beta-Carotin-haltige Arzneimittel (März 2006). http://www.vitaminforschung.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=101<emid=25&lang=de.
-
11 Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group: Heart Protection Study of antioxidant vitamin supplementation in 20 536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2002 360: 23-33
-
12
Hennekens C H, Buring J E, Manson J E, Stampfer M. et al .
Lack of effect of long-term supplementation with beta-carotene on the incidence of malignant neoplasms and cardiovascular disease.
N Engl J Med.
1996;
334
1145-1149
-
13 Institute of Medicine: Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium and Carotenoids. Washington; National Academy Press 2000
-
14
Jackson H A, Sheehan A H.
Effect of vitamin A on fracture risk [Review].
Ann Pharmacother.
2005;
39
2086-2090
-
15
Kim Y, Chongviriyaphan N, Liu C, Russel R M, Wang X D.
Combined antioxidant (beta-carotene, alpha-tocopherol and ascorbic acid) supplementation increases the levels of lung retinoic acid and inhibits the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase in the ferret lung cancer model.
Carcinogenesis.
2006;
27
410-1419
-
16
Lee I M, Cook N R, Manson J E, Buring J E, Hennekens C H.
Beta-carotene supplementation and the incidence of cancer and cardiovascular disease: the Womens’ Health Study.
J Natl Cancer Inst.
1999;
91
2102-2109
-
17
Liu C, Wang X D, Bronson R T, Smith D E. et al .
Effects of physiological versus pharmacological Beta-carotene supplementation on cell proliferation and histopathological changes in the lungs of cigarette smoke-exposed ferrets.
Carcinogenesis.
2000;
21
2245-2253
-
18
Omenn G X, Goodman G E, Thornquist M D, Balmes J. et al .
Effects of a combination of Betacarotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease.
N Engl J Med.
1996;
334
1150-1155
-
19
Penniston K L, Weng N, Binkley N, Tanumihardjo S A.
Serum retinyl esters are not elevated in postmenopausal women with and without osteoporosis whose preformed vitamin A intakes are high.
Am J Clin Nutr.
2006;
84
1350-1356
-
20
Santos M S, Meydani S N, Leka L, Wu D. et al .
Natural killer cell activity in elderly men is enhanced by beta-carotene supplementation.
Am J Clin Nutr.
1996;
64
772-777
-
21
Schulz C, Engel U, Kreienberg R, Biesalski H K.
Vitamin A and beta-carotene supply of women with gemini or short birth intervals: A pilot study.
Eur J Nutr.
2007;
46
12-20
-
22 Scientific Committee on Food of the European Commission: Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on the Tolerable Upper Intake Level of Preformed Vitamin A. 2002. http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scf/out145_en.pdf
Gesellschaft für angewandte Vitaminforschung e. V.
Arthur-Scheunert Allee 114-116
14558 Nuthetal
eMail: info@vitaminforschung.org