Sexueller Kindesmissbrauch und die Wirkmacht der Kultur[1]

Übersicht:

In den 1970er-Jahren, so der Autor, wird unter dem Einfluss des Feminismus ein Diskurs zum sexuellen Missbrauch von Kindern installiert, der sexuelle Handlungen von Erwachsenen und Kindern mit einem neuen Nachdruck skandalisiert. Er beeinflusst nachhaltig Definitionen, Forschungslinien, therapeutische und forensische Konzepte, politische Interventionen und die Konstruktion autobiografischer Narrative und Bedeutungszuschreibungen und kreist um die Unausweichlichkeit schweren und anhaltenden Leidens durch solche Handlungen. Indem dieser Diskurs hegemonial wurde, konstituiert er eine Universalität der pathogenen Folgen für die Opfer und der Pathologie bzw. Verworfenheit der Täter und postuliert, dass die zerstörerische Natur des Missbrauchs durch Kultur niemals aufgehoben werden kann. Das dieser Annahme implizite Konzept der schwachen Wirkmacht von Kultur (in dieser Frage) führt zum Anspruch transkultureller Gültigkeit des Diskurses und zu einer totalisierenden Vereinnahmung von ethnohistorisch beschriebenen Gebräuchen anderer Kulturen. Der Autor plädiert dafür, die Möglichkeiten einer kritischen Ethnographie zum Verständnis des sexuellen Missbrauchs als zeitgenössisches soziales Szenario zu nutzen, um zu einem sinnvollen, moralisch gehaltvollen Begriff des sexuellen Missbrauchs zu gelangen.

Diskursivierung der Sexualität - kindliche Sexualität - Kultur und Sexualität - sexueller Missbrauch

Literatur

• 1 Abel G G, Becker J V, Cunningham-Rathner J. Complications, consent, and cognitions in sex between children and adults.  Int J Law Psychiatry. 1984;  7 89-103
• 2 Adler A. The perverse law of child pornography.  Columbia Law Rev. 2001;  101 209-273
• 3 Ajzenstadt M, Cavaglion G. Stories about child sexual abuse: Textual analysis of instruction manuals in Israel.  Qual Sociol. 2005;  28 255-274
• 4 Alcoff L M. Dangerous pleasures: Foucault and the politics of pedophilia. In: Hekman S (Hrsg). Feminist interpretations of Michel Foucault: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1996; 99-135
• 5 Angelides S. Feminism, child sexual abuse, and the erasure of child sexuality.  GLQ-J Lesbian Gay St. 2004;  10 141-177
• 6 Angelides S. The emergence of the paedophile in the late twentieth century.  Aust Historical Stud. 2005;  37 272-295
• 7 Atmore C. Cross-cultural media-tions: Media coverage of two child sexual abuse controversies in New Zealand/Aotearoa.  Child Abuse Rev. 1996;  5 334-345
• 8 Beckett K. Culture and the politics of signification: The case of child sexual abuse.  Soc Probl. 1996;  43 57-76
• 9 Bleibtreu-Ehrenberg G. The paedophile impulse: Toward the development of an etiology child-adult sexual contacts from an ethological and ethnological viewpoint.  Paidika. 1988;  1 22-36
• 10 Bloch E. Sex between men and boys in classical greece: Was it education for citizenship or child abuse?.  Journal of Men's Studies. 2001;  9 183-204
• 11 Brongersma E. Loving boys: a multidisciplinary study of sexual relations between adult and minor males. Vol 1: Global Academic, 1986
• 12 Brown A. Mythologies and panics: twentieth century constructions of child prostitution.  Children & Society. 2004;  18 344-354
• 13 Brown A, Barrett D. Knowledge of evil: child prostitution and child sexual abuse in twentieth-century England. Cullompton: Willan, 2002
• 14 Bullough V L. Mahatma Gandhi.  Med Asp Hum Sex. 1981;  15 11-12
• 15 Bullough V L. History in adult human sexual behavior with children and adolescents in western society. In: Feierman JR (Hrsg). Pedophilia: Biosocial dimensions. New York: Springer, 1990; 69-90
• 16 Bullough V L. Age of consent a historical overview.  J Psychol Human Sex. 2006;  16 25-42
• 17 Burton A. From child bride to “Hindoo Lady”: Rukhmabai and the debate on sexual respectability in Imperial Britain.  Am Hist Rev. 1998;  103 1119-1146
• 18 Card C. What's wrong with adult-child sex?.  J Soc Philos. 2002;  33 170-177
• 19 Carstens C A. Defining the boundaries: social worker assessment of sexual abuse in a cultural context - multivariate analysis of personal and professional factors influencing social workers' labelling of intimacy behaviour.  Child Family Social Work. 2001;  6 315-325
• 20 Cohen D. Consent and sexual relations in classical Athens. In: Laiou AE (Hrsg). Consent and coercion to sex and marriage in ancient and medieval societies. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1993; 5-16
• 21 Conte J R. Child sexual abuse: awareness and backlash.  Future Child. 1994;  4 224-232
• 22 Cook D T, Kaiser S B. Betwixt and be tween: Age ambiguity and the sexualization of the female consuming subject.  J Consum Cult. 2004;  4 203-227
• 23 Dallam S J. Science or propaganda? An examination of Rind, Tromovitch and Bauserman (1998).  J Child Sex Abuse. 2002;  9 109-134
• 24 Davenport W H. Adult-child sexual relations in cross-cultural perspective. In: O'Donohue W, Geer JH (Hrsg). The sexual abuse of children. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1992; 73-80
• 25 de Apodaca R F, Schultz J M, Anderson A N, McLennan M D. Young unassimilated hispanic offenders: absolutist vs. relativist cultural assumptions.  Sexuality & Culture. 2005;  9 3-23
• 26 deMause L. Grundlagen der Psychohistorie. Frankfurt a. M.: Suhrkamp; 1989
• 27 deMause L. On writing childhood history.  J Psychohist. 1988;  16 135-171
• 28 deMause L. The history of child assault.  J Psychohist. 1990;  18 1-29
• 29 deMause L. The universality of incest.  J Psychohist. 1991;  19 123-164
• 30 deMause L. The social alter. Eighteenth Annual Convention of the International Psychohistorical Association, June 7, 1995, New York City
• 31 deMause L. The history of child abuse.  J Psychohist. 1998;  25 216-236
• 32 Doan C. “Subversive stories and hegemonic tales” of child sexual abuse: from expert legal testimony to television talk shows.  Int J Law Context. 2005;  1 295-309
• 33 Durber D. Haworth's end to the pederasty debate.  Sexualities. 2006;  9 487-492
• 34 Faure B. The Red Thread: Buddhist approaches to sexuality. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998
• 35 Fischer G. Is lesser severity of child sexual abuse a reason more males report having liked it?.  Ann Sex Res. 1991;  4 131-139
• 36 Fontes L A (Hrsg). Sexual abuse in nine North American cultures: Treatment and prevention. London: Sage, 1995
• 37 Frayser S. Defining normal childhood sexuality: An anthropological approach.  Annu Rev Sex Res. 1994;  5 173-217
• 38 Freedman E B. “Uncontrolled Desires”: The response to the sexual psychopath, 1920-1960.  J Am Hist. 1987;  74 83-106
• 39 Geertz C. Dichte Beschreibung. Frankfurt a M.: Suhrkamp; 1987
• 40 Gordon L. The politics of child sexual abuse: notes from American history.  Fem Rev. 1988;  28 56-64
• 41 Graupner H. The 17-year-old child: an absurdity of the late 20^th Century.  J Psychol Human Sex. 2005;  16 7-24
• 42 Green L. An overwhelming sense of injustice? An exploration of child sexual abuse in relation to the concept of justice.  Crit Soc Pol. 2006;  26 74-100
• 43 Guthrie M R. Somewhere in-between: Tween queens and the marketing machine. Dissertation, Bowling Green State University; 2005
• 44 Haas E T. Kinderschändung: Dramatisieren der Krise. Zeitgemäße Betrachtungen zu einem alten Thema.  Z Psychoanal Theorie Praxis. 2000;  15 37-60
• 45 Hacking I. The making and molding of child abuse.  Crit Inq. 1991;  17 253-288
• 46 Hallberg M, Rigné E M. Child sexual abuse - a study of controversy and construction.  Acta Sociol. 1994;  37 141-163
• 47 Halley J. The boundaries of touch: A social history of twentieth century mainstream United States ideologies of adult-child touch. Dissertation, City University of New York, 2003
• 48 Herdt G J. Representations of homosexuality: an essay on cultural ontology and historical comparison. Part II.  J Hist Sex. 1991;  1 603-632
• 49 Hofmeister L. 14 to 18 year olds as ‘Children’ by law? Reflections on developments in national and European law.  J Psychol Human Sex. 2004;  16 63-70
• 50 Holguin G, Hansen D J. The “sexually abused child”: Potential mechanisms of adverse influences of such a label.  Aggress Violent Behav. 2003;  8 645-670
• 51 Jackson L A. Child sexual abuse in Victorian England. London und New York: Routledge, 2000
• 52 James A. What makes a child: issues from the social construction of childhood for an understanding of child sexual abuse.  Anthropol Action. 1998;  5 2-6
• 53 Janssen D F. Enculturation curricula, abuse categorisation and the globalist/culturalist project: The genital reference.  Iss Child Abuse Accus. 2003;  13 (1) , auch unter http://www.iptforensics.com/journal/volume13/j13_1_2.htm
• 54 Janssen D F. Growing up sexually. Band I. World Reference Atlas. Berlin: Magnus Hirschfeld Archiv für Sexualwissenschaft, 2003
• 55 Janssen D F. Boy - Linguistic anthropological notes.  Thymos: Journal of Boyhood Studies. 2007;  1 43-67
• 56 Jenkins P. Moral panic: Changing concepts of the child-molester in modern America. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998
• 57 Kahr B. Sexual molestation of children: Historical perspectives.  J Psychohist. 1991;  19 191-214
• 58 Killias M. The emergence of a new taboo: The desexualisation of youth in western societies since 1800.  Eur J Criminal Policy Res. 2000;  8 459-477
• 59 Korbin J E. Child sexual abuse: Implications from the cross-cultural record. In: Scheper-Hughes N (Hrsg). Child Survival. Dordrecht: Reidel, 1987; 247-265
• 60 Korbin J E. Child sexual abuse: a cross-cultural view. In: Oates RK (Hrsg). Understanding and managing child sexual abuse. Sydney: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1990; 42-58
• 61 Korbin J E. Book review.  Am Anthropol, N.S.. 1992;  94 962-963
• 62 La Fontaine J S. Child sexual abuse and the incest taboo: practical problems and theoretical issues.  Man, N.S.. 1988;  23 1-18
• 63 La Fontaine J S. Child sexual abuse. Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell, 1990
• 64 Lascaratos J, Poulakou-Rebelakou E. Child sexual abuse: Historical cases in the Byzantine empire (324-1453 AD).  Child Abuse Negl. 2000;  24 1085-1090
• 65 Levett A. Problems of cultural imperialism in the study of child sexual abuse. In: Dawes A, Donald D (Hrsg). Childhood and Adversity: Psychological perspectives from South African research. Claremont, South Africa: David Philip Publishers, 1994; 240-260. Überarbeitet in: Reavey P, Warner S (Hrsg). New feminist stories of child sexual abuse: Sexual scripts and dangerous dialogues. London: Routledge, 2002; 52-76
• 66 Levett A. Discourses of child sexual abuse: Regimes of truth?. In: Lubek I., van Hezewijk R, Pheterson G, Tolman C (Hrsg). Trends and issues in theoretical psychology. New York: Springer, 1995; 294-300
• 67 Lowe  Jr W, Pavkov T W, Casanova G M, Wetchler J. Do American ethnic cultures differ in their definitions of child sexual abuse?.  Am J Fam Ther. 2005;  33 147-166
• 68 Martin E J. Incest/child sexual abuse: Historical perspectives.  J Holist Nurs. 1995;  13 7-18
• 69 Masson J M. Was hat man dir, du armes Kind getan?. Sigmund Freuds Unterdrückung der Verführungstheorie. Reinbek: Rowohlt, 1984
• 70 Meigs A, Barlow K. Beyond the taboo: Imagining incest.  Am Anthropol. 2002;  104 38-49
• 71 Mildred J. Claimsmakers in the child sexual abuse “wars”: Who are they and what do they want?.  Soc Work. 2003;  48 492-503
• 72 Miller A. Du sollst nicht merken. Variationen über das Paradies-Thema. Frankfurt a. M.: Suhrkamp, 1981
• 73 Money J. False accusations of nonsocomial sexual abuse: The hand bitten by the dog it feeds may be your own.  J Offend Rehabil. 1992;  18 225-233
• 74 Montgomery H. Transgressive child sex in Thailand: Metaphor or morality tale?. Paper presented at the 8th European Association of Social Anthropologists Conference, Universität Wien, 8.-12. September 2004
• 75 Murray S O. Homosexualities. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000
• 76 Mwenda K K. Labia elongation under African customary law: A violation of women's rights?.  Int J Hum Right. 2006;  10 341-357
• 77 Myers J EB, Diedrich S, Lee D, Fincher K, Mc C, Stern R. Professional writing on child sexual abuse from 1900 to 1975: Dominant themes and impact on prosecution.  Child Maltreat. 1999;  4 201-216
• 78 Nelson A, Oliver P. Gender and the construction of consent in child-adult sexual contact: Beyond gender neutrality and male monopoly.  Gend Soc. 1998;  12 554-577
• 79 Neuilly M A, Zgoba K. Assessing the possibility of a pedophilia panic and contagion effect between France and the United States.  Victims & Offenders. 2006;  1 225-254
• 80 Nieto J A. Children and adolescents as sexual beings: Cross-cultural perspectives.  Child Adolesc Psychiatric Clin N Am. 2004;  13 461-477
• 81 Njambi W N. Dualisms and female bodies in representations of African female circumcision - A feminist critique.  Feminist Theor. 2004;  5 281-303
• 82 Olafson E, Corwin D L, Summit R C. Modern history of child sexual abuse awareness: Cycles of discovery and suppression.  Child Abuse Negl. 1993;  17 7-24
• 83 Park Y. Culture as deficit: a critical discourse analysis of the concept of culture in contemporary social work discourse.  J Sociol Soc Welf. 2005;  32 11-33
• 84 Patterson M. Coming too close, going too far: Theoretical and cross-cultural approaches to incest and its prohibitions.  Aust J Anthropol. 2005;  16 95-115
• 85 Plummer K. Telling sexual stories: Power, change and social worlds. London: Routledge, 1995
• 86 Pratt J. Child sexual abuse: Purity and danger in an age of anxiety.  Crime Law Soc Change. 2005;  43 263-287
• 87 Purvis M, Ward T. The role of culture in understanding child sexual offending: Examining feminist perspectives.  Aggress Violent Behav. 2006;  11 298-312
• 88 Renteln A D. The use and abuse of the cultural defense.  Can J Law Soc. 2005;  20 47-67
• 89 Rind B. Biased use of cross-cultural and historical perspectives on male homosexuality in human sexuality textbooks.  J Sex Res. 1998;  35 397-407
• 90 Rogoff B, Sellers M, Pirrotta S, Fox N, White S. Age of assignment of roles and responsibilities to children: A cross-cultural survey.  Hum Dev. 1975;  18 353-69
• 91 Rohder K. Between-Agere: Et sporgsmal om seksualitet eller leg? [Between-Agers: A question of sexuality or play?].  Psyke & Logos. 2002;  23 551-562
• 92 Rush F. The best kept secret: Sexual abuse of children. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1980
• 93 Satter B. The sexual abuse paradigm in historical perspective: Passivity and emotion in Mid-Twentieth-Century America.  J Hist Sex. 2003;  12 424-464
• 94 Schetky D H. Child sexual abuse in mythology, religion, and history. In: Schetky DH, Green AH (Hrsg). Child sexual abuse. A handbook for health care and legal professionals. New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1988; 19-29
• 95 Schultz L G. Child sexual abuse in historical perspective.  J Soc Work Hum Sex. 1982;  1 21-35
• 96 Scott D. The social construction of child sexual abuse: Debates about definitions and the politics of prevalence.  Psychiatr Psychol Law. 1995;  2 117-126
• 97 Silberschmidt M, Rasch V. Adolescent girls, illegal abortions and “sugar-daddies” in Dar Es Salaam: Vulnerable victims and active social agents.  Soc Sci Med. 2001;  52 1815-1826
• 98 Smart C. A history of ambivalence and conflict in the discursive construction of the ‘child victim’ of sexual abuse.  Soc Leg Stud. 1999;  8 391-409
• 99 Smart C. Reconsidering the recent history of child sexual abuse 1910-1960.  J Soc Policy. 2000;  29 55-71
• 100 Sonderling S. Power of discourse and discourse of power in making an issue of sexual abuse in South Africa: The rise and fall of social problems.  Crit Art. 1993;  6 1-26
• 101 Summit R C. Hidden victims; hidden pain: societal avoidance of child sexual abuse. In: Wyatt GE, Powell GJ (Hrsg). Lasting effects of child abuse. London: Sage, 1988; 39-60
• 102 Summit R C. The child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome.  Child Abuse Negl. 1983;  7 177-193
• 103 Tambe S. From hidden to manifest horror: child sexual abuse.  Philos Soc Action. 2001;  27 23-35
• 104 Thompson S J. Child sexual abuse redefined: Impact of modern culture on the sexual mores of the Yuit Eskim. In: Sgroi SM (Hrsg). Vulnerable populations. Evaluation and treatment of sexually abused children and adult survivors. Bd 1. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books/DC: Heath & Com, 1988; 299-310
• 105 van den Berg J H. Metabletica. Über die Wandlung des Menschen. Grundlagen einer historischen Psychologie. Göttingen: Vandenhoek und Ruprecht, 1960
• 106 van Gijseghem H. Le regard scientifique sur les abus sexuels envers les enfants: De la conscience du XIXe siècle à l’ignorance du XXe siècle.  Revue de Psychoéducation. 2001;  30 299-310
• 107 Virkkunen M. The child as participating victim. In: Cook M, Howells K (Hrsg). Adult sexual interest in children. New York: Academic Press, 1981; 121-134
• 108 Watkins S A. The double victim: The sexually abused child and the judicial system.  Child Adolesc Social Work J. 1990;  7 29-42
• 109 Whitehead J. Bodies of evidence, bodies of rule: The Ilbert Bill, revivalism, and age of consent in colonial India.  Sociol Bull. 1996;  45 29-54
• 110 Zuriff G E. Pedophilia and the culture wars.  Public Interest. 2000;  138 29-39

1 Aus dem Englischen übersetzt von Robin Cackett.

2 Der Autor verwendet das Kürzel „CSA” (Child sexual abuse), wenn er sich auf das Konzept (oder den Diskurs) „sexueller Missbrauch” bezieht, das (der) in den 1970er-Jahren in den westlichen Industriegesellschaften etabliert wurde und seitdem dominiert. In eben diesem Sinne übernehmen wir „CSA” in dieser Übersetzung (Red.).

3 Eine allgemeine Würdigung der wachsenden Bedeutung von Lebensberichten im ausgehenden 20. Jahrhundert findet sich bei Plummer 1995.

4 Es muss darauf hingewiesen werden, dass der Zeitpunkt des Vollzugs der Ehe durch eine Reihe von einheimischen Bräuchen reglementiert wurde (namentlich durch die als gauna oder vida bezeichnete „zweite Hochzeit” nach der Menarche und durch den muklawa genannten „Abschied der Tochter”).

5 Eine Bibliografie kann beim Autor angefordert werden.