Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund: Die Anwendung eines LapSim®-Trainingsmodells im Studententrainingslabor sowie die objektive Evaluation von Stress in einem virtuellen Operations-Szenario bieten neue Perspektiven der laparoskopischen Simulation. Methodik: Im Studententrainingslabor erfolgte bei 28 Probanden am LapSim® Virtual-Reality (VR)-Simulator in einem Trainingscurriculum, bestehend aus 9 Einheiten, die Erfassung von Lernkurven laparoskopischer Basisfertigkeiten sowie komplexer Prozesse. In einem virtuellen Operations-Szenario wurde des Weiteren bei 18 Chirurgen eine Stressevaluation mittels eines Sympathikografen vorgenommen und dabei die laparoskopische Fehler- und Komplikationsrate erfasst. Hierbei konnten 3 unterschiedliche Stress-Reaktionen (SR 1-3) identifiziert werden. Ergebnisse: Im Studententrainingslabor konnten für die Zielparameter der Bewegungsausmaße der laparoskopischen Instrumente (Wegelänge und Gradabweichung vom „optimalen Weg”) sowie der Dauer der Prozedur zu Beginn des Curriculums (Einheit 1) die größten Lerneffekte mit Verbesserung der laparoskopischen Leistung dargestellt werden. Im virtuellen Stress-Szenario waren die intraoperativen Fehlerraten bei Probanden mit einer Stressreaktion ohne Erholung (SR-1) geringer als bei denjenigen mit Erholung (SR-2) oder ohne Stressreaktion (SR-3). Schlussfolgerung: Sowohl die Anwendung des LapSim® Virtual-Reality (VR)-Simulators im Studententrainingslabor als auch für die Stress- und Krisensimulation stellen neue Perspektiven der laparoskopischen Simulation dar, die in Zukunft weiter evaluiert werden müssen. Der Transfer in den „reellen” Operationssaal wird hierbei ein wesentliches Paradigma sowohl des Trainings als auch der wissenschaftlichen Validierung sein.
Abstract
Background: Application of a LapSim®-training model in the Students' Skills Lab as well as the objective evaluation of stress in a virtual operating room scenario offer new perspectives in laparoscopic simulation. Methods: In a Students' Skills Lab, assessment of learning curves of laparoscopic basic skills and complex tasks was carried out with 28 individuals at a LapSim® Virtual Reality (VR)-simulator in a training curriculum consisting of 9 units. In addition, in a virtual operating room scenario, stress evaluation was performed with 18 surgeons by means of a sympathicograph and, in that way, the laparoscopic error and complication rate were recorded. Three different stress reactions (SR 1-3) could be identified. Results: In the Students' Skills Lab, at the beginning of the curriculum (unit 1), the best learning effects together with the improvement of the laparoscopic performance could be presented for the two parameters: Extent of movement of the laparoscopic instruments (length of path as well as degree of deviation from the “optimal course”) and duration of the procedure. In the virtual stress scenario, the intraoperative error rate of surgeons with a stress reaction without recovery (SR-1) was lower than of those with recovery (SR-2) or without stress reaction (SR-3). Conclusion: Application of the LapSim® Virtual Reality (VR)-simulator in the Students' Skills Lab and for stress and crisis simulation represents a new perspective in laparoscopic simulation, which will have to be further evaluated in the future. The transfer to the “real” operating room will have to be continued as a training and scientific validation paradigm.
Schlüsselwörter
LapSim® Virtual-Reality (VR)-Laparoskopiesimulator - chirurgische Fertigkeiten - Training und Bewertung - Studententrainingslabor - Stressevaluation
Key words
LapSim®-Virtual Reality (VR) laparoscopic simulator - surgical skills - training and assessment - Students' Skills Lab - stress evaluation
Literatur
1
Aggarwal R, Darzi A.
Technical-skills training in the 21st century.
N Engl J Med.
2006;
355
2695-2696
2
Black M, Gould J C.
Measuring laparoscopic operative skill in a video trainer.
Surg Endosc.
2006;
20
1069-1071
3
Coleman J, Nduka C C, Darzi A.
Virtual reality and laparoscopic surgery.
Br J Surg.
1994;
81
1709-1711
4
Fraser S A, Feldman L S, Stanbridge D, Fried G M.
Characterizing the learning curve for a basic laparoscopic drill.
Surg Endosc.
2005;
19
1572-1578
5
Gallagher A G, Satava R M.
Virtual reality as a metric for the assessment of laparoscopic psychomotor skills. Learning curves and reliability measures.
Surg Endosc.
2002;
16
1746-1752
6
Grantcharov T P, Bardram L, Funch-Jensen P, Rosenberg J.
Learning curves and impact of previous operative experience on performance on a virtual reality simulator to test laparoscopic surgical skills.
Am J Surg.
2003;
185
146-149
7
Grantcharov T P, Kristiansen V B, Bendix J, Bardram L, Rosenberg J, Funch-Jensen P.
Randomized clinical trial of virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training.
Br J Surg.
2004;
91
146-150
8
Haluck R S, Krummel T M.
Computers and virtual reality for surgical education in the 21st century.
Arch Surg.
2000;
135
786-792
9
Hassan I, Weyers P, Maschuw K, Dick B, Gerdes B, Rothmund M, Zielke A.
Negative stress-coping strategies among novices in surgery correlate with poor virtual laparoscopic performance.
Br J Surg.
2006;
93
1554-1559
10
Janitzki A, Götte A.
Hautwiderstandsmessungen zum Aktivitätsnachweis des Sympathicus bei der Spinalanästhesie.
Regional-Anästhesie.
1986;
9
49-53
11
Lehmann K S, Ritz J P, Maass H, Cakmak H, Kuehnapfel U G, Germer C T, Bretthauer G, Buhr H J.
A prospective randomized study to test the transfer of basic psychomotor skills from virtual reality to physical reality in a comparable training setting.
Ann Surg.
2005;
241
442-449
12
Leitman I, Risucci D, Tortolani A.
Teaching laparoscopic surgical skills to general surgical residents: development of an individualized instructional approach.
Focus Surg Educ.
1994;
11
20-22
13
Moorthy K, Munz Y, Dosis A, Bann S, Darzi A.
The effect of stress-inducing conditions on the performance of a laparoscopic task.
Surg Endosc.
2003;
17
1481-1484
14
Moorthy K, Munz Y, Forrest D, Pandey V, Undre S, Vincent C, Darzi A.
Surgical crisis management skills training and assessment. A simulation [corrected] based approach to enhancing operating room performance.
Ann Surg.
2006;
244
139-147
15
Reznick R K, MacRae H.
Teaching surgical skills - changes in the wind.
N Engl J Med.
2006;
355
2664-2669
16
Risucci D, Geiss A, Gellman L, Pinard B, Rosser J.
Surgeon-specific factors in the acquisition of laparoscopic surgical skills.
Am J Surg.
2001;
181
289-293
17
Rogers D A, Elstein A S, Bordage G.
Improving continuing medical education for surgical techniques: applying the lessons learned in the first decade of minimal access surgery.
Ann Surg.
2001;
233
159-166
18
Satava R M.
Accomplishments and challenges of surgical simulation.
Surg Endosc.
2001;
15
232-241
19
Rosenthal R, Gantert W A, Scheidegger D, Oertli D.
Can skills assessment on a virtual reality trainer predict a surgical trainee's talent in laparoscopic surgery?.
Surg Endosc.
2006;
20
1286-1290
20
Seymour N E, Gallagher A G, Roman S A, O'Brien M K, Bansal V K, Andersen D K, Satava R M.
Virtual reality training improves operating room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded study.
Ann Surg.
2002;
236
458-464
21
Smith C D, Farrell T M, McNatt S S, Metreveli R E.
Assessing laparoscopic manipulative skills.
Am J Surg.
2001;
181
547-550
22
Sutherland L M, Middleton P F, Anthony A, Hamdorf J, Cregan P, Scott D, Maddern G J.
Surgical simulation: A systematic review.
Ann Surg.
2006;
243
291-300
23
Wetzel C M, Kneebone R L, Woloshynowych M, Nestel D, Moorthy K, Kidd J, Darzi A.
The effects of stress on surgical performance.
Am J Surg.
2006;
191
5-10
24
Woodrum D T, Andreatta P B, Yellamanchilli R K, Feryus L, Gauger P G, Minter R M.
Construct validity of the LapSim laparoscopic surgical simulator.
Am J Surg.
2006;
191
28-32
25
Youngblood P L, Srivastava S, Curet M, Heinrichs W L, Dev P, Wren S M.
Comparison of training on two laparoscopic simulators and assessment of skills transfer to surgical performance.
J Am Coll Surg.
2005;
200
546-551
Dr. med. habil. I. Gockel
Klinik für Allgemein- und Abdominalchirurgie · Johannes Gutenberg-Universität
Langenbeckstr. 1
55131 Mainz
Telefon: 0 61 31 / 17 72 91
Fax: 0 61 31 / 17 66 30
eMail: gockel@ach.klinik.uni-mainz.de