Zerebralparese - Klassifikation und Therapie

Urban M. Fietzek; Steffen Berweck

doi:10.1055/s-2008-1061490

psychoneuro, Table of Contents

psychoneuro 2008; 34(1): 24-28
DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1061490

Schwerpunkt

Zerebralparese - Klassifikation und Therapie

Cerebral palsy - Classification and therapyUrban M. Fietzek¹ , Steffen Berweck²

¹Abt. Neurologie und klinische Neurophysiologie, Neurologisches Krankenhaus München(Ärztliche Leitung: Prof. Dr. A. Ceballos-Baumann)
²Abt. für Pädiatrische Neurologie und Entwicklungsneurologie, Dr. von Haunersches Kinderspital der Universität München(Leiter: Prof. Dr. F. Heinen)

Abstract

Zerebralparesen sind die häufigste Ursache einer spastischen Bewegungsstörung im Kindesalter. Der Artikel stellt aktuelle pathophysiologische Konzepte zur Zerebralparese dar und gibt einen Überblick über die interdisziplinären Behandlungsmöglichkeiten der motorischen Störung. Insbesondere wird auf die funktionellen Therapien und die Behandlung mit Botulinumtoxin eingegangen.

Cerebral palsy is the most common etiology of a spastic movement disorder in childhood. The present paper gives an introduction to the classification, the phenomenology, the diagnosis and current pathophysiological concepts of the cerebral palsies. It focusses on the interdisciplinary therapy approach of the motor disorder, especially on the functional therapies and the treatment with botulinum toxin.

Key words

Cerebral palsy - spastic - dyskinetic - botulinum toxin - physical therapy - orthotic devices

Full Text

References

Literatur

1 Ackman JD, Russman BS, Thomas SS. et al. . Comparing botulinum toxin A with casting for treatment of dynamic equinus in children with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2005; 47 620-627
2 Albright AL.. Intrathecal baclofen in cerebral palsy movement disorders. J Child Neurol. 1996; 11 29-35
3 Andersson C, Grooten W, Hellsten M. et al. . Adults with cerebral palsy: walking ability after progressive strength training. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2003; 45 220-228
4 Ashwal S, Russman BS, Blasco PA. et al. . Practice parameter: diagnostic assessment of the child with cerebral palsy: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the Practice Committee of the Child Neurology Society. Neurology. 2004; 62 851-863
5 Baker R, Jasinski M, Maciag-Tymecka I. et al. . Botulinum toxin treatment of spasticity in diplegic cerebral palsy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2002; 44 666-675
6 Barwood S, Baillieu C, Boyd R. et al. . Analgesic effects of botulinum toxin A: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2000; 42 116-121
7 Berweck S, Feldkamp A, Francke A. et al. . Sonography-guided injection of botulinum toxin A in children with cerebral palsy. Neuropediatrics. 2002; 33 221-223
8 Berweck S, Schroeder AS, Fietzek UM, Heinen F.. Sonography-guided injection of botulinum toxin in children with cerebral palsy. Lancet. 2004; 363 249-250
9 Blundell SW, Shepherd RB, Dean CM. et al. . Functional strength training in cerebral palsy: a pilot study of a group circuit training class for children aged 4-8 years. Clin Rehabil. 2003; 17 48-57
10 Bodkin AW, Baxter RS, Heriza CB.. Treadmill training for an infant born preterm with a grade III intraventricular hemorrhage. Phys Ther. 2003; 83 1107-1118
11 Campbell WM, Ferrel A, McLaughlin JF. et al. . Long-term safety and efficacy of continuous intrathecal baclofen. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2002; 44 660-665
12 Corry IS, Cosgrove AP, Duffy CM. et al. . Botulinum toxin A compared with stretching casts in the treatment of spastic equinus: a randomised prospective trial. J Pediatr Orthop. 1998; 18 304-311
13 Corry IS, Cosgrove AP, Walsh EG. et al. . Botulinum toxin A in the hemiplegic upper limb: a double-blind trial. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1997; 39 185-193
14 Cosgrove AP, Graham HK.. Botulinum toxin A prevents the development of contractures in the hereditary spastic mouse. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1994; 36 379-385
15 Crothers B, Paine RS.. Natural History of Cerebral Palsy. Cambridge: Harvard University Press 1959
16 Damiano DL.. Activity, activity, activity: rethinking our physical therapy approach to cerebral palsy. Phys Ther. 2006; 86 1534-1540
17 Dodd KJ, Foley S.. Partial body-weight-supported treadmill training can improve walking in children with cerebral palsy: a clinical controlled trial. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2007; 49 101-105
18 Dodd KJ, Taylor NF, Graham HK.. A randomized clinical trial of strength training in young people with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2003; 45 652-657
19 Elbert T, Rockstroh B, Bulach D. et al. . Die Fortentwicklung der Neurorehabilitation auf verhaltensneurowissenschaftlicher Grundlage. Beispiel Constraint-induced-Therapie. Nervenarzt. 2003; 74 334-342
20 Eliasson AC, Krumlinde-Sundholm L, Shaw K, Wang C.. Effects of constraint-induced movement therapy in young children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy: an adapted model. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2005; 47 266-275
21 Eyre JA, Miller S, Ramesh V.. Constancy of central conduction delays during development in man: investigation of motor and somatosensory pathways. J Physiology. 1991; 434 441-452
22 Fehlings D, Rang M, Glazier J, Steele C.. An evaluation of botulinum-A toxin injections to improve upper extremity function in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy. J Pediatr. 2000; 137 331-337
23 Flett PJ, Stern LM, Waddy H. et al. . Botulinum toxin A versus fixed cast stretching for dynamic calf tightness in cerebral palsy. J Paediatr Child Health. 1999; 35 71-77
24 Fuchs A, Doderlein L.. Orthopädietechnik und ICP: Aktuelle Versorgungen und Trends in der Orthopädietechnik bei Patienten mit infantiler Zerebralparese. Orthopade. 2004; 33 1173-1182
25 Heinen F, Molenaers G, Fairhurst. et al. . European consensus table 2006 on botulinum toxin for children with cerebral palsy. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2006; 10 215-225
26 Jongerius PH, Rotteveel JJ, van Limbeek J. et al. . Botulinum toxin effect on salivary flow rate in children with cerebral palsy. Neurology. 2004; 63 1371-1375
27 Koman LA, Mooney JF, Smith BP. et al. . Botulinum toxin type A neuromuscular blockade in the treatment of lower extremity spasticity in cerebral palsy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. BOTOX Study Group. J Pediatr Orthop. 2000; 20 108-115
28 Little WJ.. On the influence of abnormal parturition, difficult labours, premature birth, and asphyxia neonatorum, on the mental and physical condtion of the child, especially in relation to deformities. (Originally published 1862). Cerebral Palsy Bulletin. 1958; 1 5-36
29 Lowe K, Novak I, Cusick A.. Low-dose/high-concentration localized botulinum toxin A improves upper limb movement and function in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2006; 48 170-175
30 Mahrhold S, Rummel A, Bigalke H. et al. . The synaptic vesicle protein 2C mediates the uptake of botulinum neurotoxin A into phrenic nerves. FEBS Lett. 2006; 580 2011-2014
31 Mall V, Heinen F, Siebel A. et al. . Treatment of adductor spasticity with BTX-A in children with CP: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2006; 48 10-13
32 McNevin NH, Coraci L, Schafer J.. Gait in adolescent cerebral palsy: the effect of partial unweighting. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2000; 81 525-528
33 Morris C.. A review of the efficacy of lower-limb orthoses used for cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2002; 44 205-211
34 de Paiva A, Meunier FA, Molgó J. et al. . Functional repair of motor endplates after botulinum neurotoxin type A poisoning: biphasic switch of synaptic activity between nerve sprouts and their parent terminals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999; 96 3200-3205
35 Palisano R, Rosenbaum PL, Walter S. et al. . Development and reliability of a system to classify gross motor function in children with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1997; 39 214-223
36 Paneth N.. The causes of cerebral palsy. Recent evidence. Clin Invest Med. 1993; 16 95-102
37 Penn RD, Kroin JS.. Continuous intrathecal baclofen for severe spasticity. Lancet. 1985; 2 125-127
38 Petruch U, Weber PM, Krageloh-Mann I. The reference and training manual of the SCPE (Surveillance of Cerebral Palsy in Europe). Neuropediatrics. 2004; 35
39 Polak F, Morton R, Ward C. et al. . Double-blind comparison study of two doses of botulinum toxin A injected into calf muscles in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol.. 2002; 44 551-555
40 Reddihough DS, King JA, Coleman GJ. et al. . Functional outcome of botulinum toxin A injections to the lower limbs in cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2002; 44 820-827
41 Reime U, Riedel M.. Wirksamkeit dynamischer Sprunggelenk (DAFO) und Fussorthesen (DFO) nach Hylton auf die grobmotorische Funktion zerebral bewegungsgestörter Kinder. Orthop Prax. 2000; 36 622-628
42 Rosales RL, Bigalke H, Dressler D.. Pharmacology of botulinum toxin: differences between type A preparations. Eur J Neurol. 2006; 13 2-10
43 Rosenbaum PL, Walter SD, Hanna SE. et al. . Prognosis for gross motor function in cerebral palsy: creation of motor development curves. JAMA. 2002; 288 1357-1363
44 Schindl MR, Forstner C, Kern H, Hesse S.. Treadmill training with partial body weight support in nonambulatory patients with cerebral palsy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2000; 81 301-306
45 SCPE. . Surveillance of cerebral palsy in Europe: a collaboration of cerebral palsy surveys and registers. Surveillance of Cerebral Palsy in Europe (SCPE). Dev Med Child Neurol. 2000; 42 816-824
46 Speth LA, Leffers P, Janssen-Potten YJ, Vles JS.. Botulinum toxin A and upper limb functional skills in hemiparetic cerebral palsy: a randomized trial in children receiving intensive therapy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2005; 47 468-473
47 Stanley FJ.. Survival and cerebral palsy in low birthweight infants: implications for perinatal care. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 1992; 6 298-310
48 Sutherland DH, Kaufman KR, Wyatt MP. et al. . Double-blind study of botulinum A toxin injections into the gastrocnemius muscle in patients with cerebral palsy. Gait Posture. 1999; 10 1-9
49 Taub E, Ramey SL, DeLuca S, Echols K.. Efficacy of constraint-induced movement therapy for children with cerebral palsy with asymmetric motor impairment. Pediatrics. 2004; 113 305-312
50 Taylor NF, Dodd KJ, Damiano DL.. Progressive resistance exercise in physical therapy: a summary of systematic reviews. Phys Ther. 2005; 85 1208-1223
51 Ubhi T, Bhakta BB, Ives HL. et al. . Randomised double blind placebo controlled trial of the effect of botulinum toxin on walking in cerebral palsy. Arch Dis Child. 2000; 83 481-487
52 Ziv I, Blackburn N, Rang M, Koreska J.. Muscle growth in normal and spastic mice. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1984; 26 94-99
53 Zuniga RE, Schlicht CR, Abram SE.. Intrathecal baclofen is analgesic in patients with chronic pain. Anesthesiology. 2000; 92 876-880
54 Zupan V, Gonzalez P, Lacaze-Masmonteil T. et al. . Periventricular leukomalacia: risk factors revisited. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1996; 38 1061-1067

Korrespondenz

Dr. med. Urban M. Fietzek

Neurologisches Krankenhaus München

Parzivalplatz 4

80804 München

Email: urban.fietzek@nk-m.de