Beim zerebrovaskulären Notfall muss der Patient stabilisiert und in eine Klinik gebracht
werden, in der eine Möglichkeit zur radiologischen Diagnostik besteht. Denn im Anschluss
an eine fokussierte neurologische Untersuchung ist entweder die Computertomografie
(CT) oder eine Magnetresonanztomografie (MRT) für den Nachweis der Ursache des Schlaganfalls
essenziell. In den ersten drei Erkrankungsstunden dient hierzu die Computertomografie,
da sie bei eingespielter Routine eine zerebrale Blutung rasch nachweist oder ausschließt.
Hat der Patient weder eine Blutung noch ausgedehnte Infarkte, so ist - nach Ausschluss
der medizinischen Kontraindikationen - eine Fibrinolyse indiziert. Obwohl die MRT
eine exaktere Einschätzung der pathophysiologischen Situation erlaubt, konnte dies
in dieser Phase die Prognose der Patienten bislang nicht verbessern. Jenseits der
ersten drei Stunden nach dem Ereignis erlauben die Schlaganfall-MRT und - wenn diese
nicht zur Verfügung steht - die Schlaganfall-CT, die Patienten zu identifizieren,
denen bei persistierendem Gefäßverschluss eine Ausdehnung ihres Infarktes droht. Liegt
ein Mismatch vor, so erscheint eine Fibrinolyse gerechtfertigt. Die CT-Angiografie
(CTA) ist bei subarachnoidalen und atypischen intrazerebralen Blutungen ein Screeninginstrument,
mit dem häufig die Blutungsursache identifiziert werden kann. Die digitale Subtraktionsangiografie
(DSA) dient anschließend der exakten Therapieplanung.
In case of a cerebrovascular emergency the patient must be stabilised and transferred
to a hospital offering an opportunity for radiological diagnostics, since it is essential
for determining the cause of the stroke to conduct either computed tomography (CT)
or magnetic resonance tomography (MRT) subsequent to the in-focus neurological examination.
CT is the method of choice during the first three hours after the stroke, since this
will rapidly confirm cerebral haemorrhage; if the procedure is a well-established
routine, it will rapidly confirm or exclude cerebral haemorrhage. If the patient suffers
neither from haemorrhage nor from extensive infarctions, fibrinolysis is indicated
if there are no medical contraindications. Although MRT enables a more accurate assessment
of the pathophysiological situation, it is not possible to improve patient prognosis
at this stage. After the first three post-incident hours it is possible by means of
post-stroke MRT - or, if unavailable, via post-stroke CT - to identify those patients
who are in danger of an even more extensive infarction if vascular occlusion persists.
Fibrinolysis appears justified if there is a mismatch. CT angiography (CTA) is a screening
tool in case of subarachnoidal and atypical intracerebral haemorrhages by means of
which the cause of such haemorrhages can be identified. Digital subtraction angiography
(DSA) subsequently helps to accomplish accurate therapeutic planning.
Key words
intracerebral haemorrhage - infarction - mismatch - fibrinolysis - computertomography
(CT) - magnetic resonance tomography (MRT) - CT angiography (CTA) - digital subtraction
angiography (DSA)
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1 European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study
2 National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
3 FLuid Attenuated Inversion Recovery
4 Diffusion and perfusion Imaging evaluation For Understanding Stroke Evolution
5 EchoPlanar Imaging THrombolytic Evaluation Trial
Korrespondenz
PD Dr. Jochen B. Fiebach
Klinik für Neurologie Campus Benjamin Franklin Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin
Hindenburgdamm 30
12200 Berlin
eMail: jochen.fiebach@charite.de