Download PDF
Tierarztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere 2016; 44(02): 105-115
DOI: 10.15654/TPK-150690
Übersichtsartikel
Schattauer GmbH

Minimal-invasive interventionelle Verfahren am Urogenitaltrakt von Hund und Katze

Minimally invasive interventional techniques involving the urogenital tract in dogs and cats
R. M. Heilmann
1   Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

Received: 31 August 2015

Accepted after major revision: 21 February 2016

Publication Date:
20 December 2017 (online)

Also available at
    Permissions and Reprints

Zusammenfassung

Minimal-invasive interventionelle Verfahren finden in der Kleintiermedizin zunehmend Anwendung. Sie bedienen sich moderner diagnostischer Methoden wie der Fluoroskopie, Sonographie, Endoskopie und Laparoskopie. Insbesondere für die Kleintierurologie sind minimal-invasive Eingriffe attraktiv, da die Therapieoptionen für Erkrankungen des Urogenitaltrakts in der Vergangenheit eher begrenzt bzw. mit relativ hohen Komplikationsraten verbunden waren. Die meisten endourologischen Eingriffe unterliegen einer steilen Lernkurve. Ein entsprechendes Equipment und praktische Ausbildung erlauben ihre Anwendung in der tierärztlichen Praxis. Viele dieser Eingriffe bedürfen allerdings der Überweisung an eine Spezialklinik. Dieser Artikel gibt einen Überblick über die notwendige technische Ausstattung und die wichtigsten Materialien für die Endourologie sowie über die verschiedenen endourologischen Eingriffe bei Erkrankungen von Niere, Nierenbecken, Harnleiter, Harnblase und Harnröhre bei Hund und Katze.

Summary

Minimally invasive interventional techniques are advancing fast in small animal medicine. These techniques utilize state-of-the-art diagnostic methods, including fluoroscopy, ultrasonography, endoscopy, and laparoscopy. Minimally invasive procedures are particularly attractive in the field of small animal urology because, in the past, treatment options for diseases of the urogenital tract were rather limited or associated with a high rate of complications. Most endourological interventions have a steep learning curve. With the appropriate equipment and practical training some of these procedures can be performed in most veterinary practices. However, most interventions require referral to a specialty clinic. This article summarizes the standard endourological equipment and materials as well as the different endourological interventions performed in dogs and cats with diseases of the kidneys/renal pelves, ureters, or lower urinary tract (urinary bladder and urethra).

Schlüsselwörter

Bypass - Dauerschiene - Endoskopie - interventionelle Radiologie - Katheter - Obstruktion - Striktur

Keywords

Bypass - stent - endoscopy - interventional radiology - catheter - obstruction - stricture

 

  • Literatur

  • 1 Adams LG, Berent AC, Moore GE, Bagley DH. Use of laser lithotripsy for fragmentation of uroliths in dogs: 73 cases (2005–2006). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2008; 232: 1680-1687.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Adams LG. Nephroliths and ureteroliths: a new stone age. N Z Vet J 2013; 61: 212-216.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Adams LG, Syme HM. Canine ureteral and lower urinary tract diseases. Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine.. Ettinger SJ, Feldman EC. St. Louis, USA: Saunders Elsevier; 2010: 2086-2115.
    Google Scholar
  • 4 Adin CA, Herrgesell EJ, Nyland TG, Hughes JM, Gregory CR, Kyles AE, Cowgill LD, Ling GV. Antegrade pyelography for suspected ureteral obstruction in cats: 11 cases (1995–2001). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2003; 222: 1576-1581.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Adin CA, Scansen BA. Complications of upper urinary tract surgery in companion animals. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2011; 41: 869-888.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Appel SL, Lefebvre SL, Houston DM, Holmberg DL, Stone JE, Moore AE, Weese JS. Evaluation of risk factors associated with suture-nidus cystoliths in dogs and cats: 176 cases (1999–2006). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2008; 233: 1889-1895.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Arnold S, Hubler M, Lott-Stolz G, Rüsch P. Treatment of urinary incontinence in bitches by endoscopic injection of glutaraldehyde cross-linked collagen. J Small Anim Pract 1996; 37: 163-168.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Arulpragasam SP, Case JB, Elliott GW. Evaluation of costs and time required for laparoscopic-assisted versus open cystotomy for urinary cystolith removal in dogs: 43 cases (2009–2012). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013; 243: 703-708.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Bartges JW. Chronic kidney disease in dogs and cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2012; 42 (04) 669-692.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Barth A, Reichler IM, Hubler M, Hässig M, Arnold S. Evaluation of longterm effects of endoscopic injection of collagen into the urethral submucosa for treatment of urethral sphincter incompetence in female dogs: 40. cases (1993–2000). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005; 226: 73-76.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Beck AL, Grierson JM, Ogden DM, Hamilton MH, Lipscomb VJ. Outcome of and complications associated with tube cystostomy in dogs and cats: 76. cases (1995–2006). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2007; 230: 1184-1189.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Berent AC, Mayhew PD, Porat-Mosenco Y. Use of cystoscopic-guided laser ablation for treatment of intramural ureteral ectopia in male dogs: four cases (2006–2007). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2008; 232: 1026-1034.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Berent AC. Ureteral obstructions in dogs and cats: a review of traditional and new interventional diagnostic and therapeutic options. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 2011; 21: 86-103.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Berent AC, Weisse C, Beal MW, Brown DC, Todd K, Bagley D. Use of indwelling,. double-pigtail stents for treatment of malignant ureteral obstruction in dogs: 12 cases (2006–2009). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2011; 238: 1017-1025.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Berent AC, Weisse C, Mayhew PD, Todd KL, Wright M, Bagley DH. Evaluation of cystoscopic-guided laser ablation of intramural ectopic ureters in female dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2012; 240: 716-725.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Berent AC, Weisse CW, Todd KL, Bagley DH. Use of locking-loop pigtail nephrostomy catheters in dogs and cats: 20 cases (2004–2009). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2012; 241: 348-357.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Berent A, Weisse C, Branter E, Adams LG, Aarhus A, Smee N, Berg R, Bagley DH. Endoscopic-guided sclerotherapy for renal-sparing treatment of idiopathic renal hematuria in dogs: 6 cases (2010–2012). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013; 242: 1556-1563.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Berent AC. Selective intra-arterial (IA) and non-selective intravenous (IV). delivery of autologous mesenchymal-derived stem cells (MSC) in canine and feline patients with acute and chronic kidney disease. Proceedings of the 31th American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine Forum. Seattle. WA, USA: 12–15 June 2013: 676-678.
    Google Scholar
  • 19 Berent AC, Weisse CW, Todd K, Bagley DH. Technical and clinical outcomes of ureteral stenting in cats with benign ureteral obstruction: 69 cases (2006–2010). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2014; 244: 559-576.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Berent A. New techniques on the horizon: interventional radiology and interventional endoscopy of the urinary tract (‘endourology’). J Feline Med Surg 2014; 16: 51-65.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Berent AC, Adams LG. Minimally invasive treatment of bladder and urethral stones in dogs and cats. Veterinary Image-Guided Interventions.. Weisse CW, Berent AC. Ames, USA: Wiley Blackwell; 2015: 360-372.
    Google Scholar
  • 22 Bevan JM, Lulich JP, Albasan H, Osborne CA. Comparison of laser lithotripsy and cystotomy for the management of dogs with urolithiasis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2009; 234: 1286-1294.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Bigge LA, Brown DJ, Penninck DG. Correlation between coagulation profile findings and bleeding complications after ultrasound-guided biopsies: 434 cases (1993–1996). J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2001; 37: 228-233.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Blackburn AL, Berent AC, Weisse CW, Brown DC. Evaluation of outcome following urethral stent placement for the treatment of obstructive carcinoma of the urethra in dogs: 42 cases (2004–2008). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013; 242: 59-68.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Brace MA, Weisse C, Berent AC. Preliminary experience with stenting for management of non-urolith urethral obstruction in eight cats. Vet Surg 2014; 43: 199-208.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Burdick S, Berent AC, Weisse C, Langston C. Endoscopic-guided laser ablation of vestibulovaginal septal remnants in dogs: 36 cases (2007–2011). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2014; 244: 944-949.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Byl KM, Kruger JM, Kinns J, Nelson NC, Hauptman JG, Johnson CA. In vitro comparison of plain radiography, double-contrast cystography, ultrasonography,. and computer tomography for estimation of cystolith size. Am J Vet Res 2010; 71: 374-380.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Cannon CM, Allstadt SD. Lower urinary tract cancer. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2015; 45: 807-824.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Cerf DJ, Lindquist EC. Palliative ultrasound-guided endoscopic diode laser ablation of transitional cell carcinomas of the lower urinary tract in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2012; 240: 51-60.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Charney SC, Bergman PJ, Hohenhaus AE, McKnight JA. Risk factors for sterile hemorrhagic cystitis in dogs with lymphoma receiving cyclophosphamide with or without concurrent administration of furosemide: 216. cases (1990–1996). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2003; 222: 1388-1393.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Childress MO, Adams LG, Ramos-Vara JA, Freeman LJ, He S, Constable PD, Knapp DW. Results of biopsy via transurethral cystoscopy and cystotomy for diagnosis of transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder and urethra in dogs: 92 cases (2003–2008). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2011; 239: 350-356.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Christensen NI, Culvenor J, Langova V. Fluoroscopic stent placement for the relief of malignant urethral obstruction in a cat. Aust Vet J 2010; 88: 478-482.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Cianciolo RE, Brown CA, Mohr FC, Spangler WL, Aresu L, van der Lugt JJ, Jansen JH, James C, Clubb FJ, Lees GE. Pathologic evaluation of canine renal biopsies: methods for identifying features that differentiate immunemediated glomerulonephritides from other categories of glomerular diseases. J Vet Intern Med 2013; 27: S10-S18.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Claeys S, de Leval J, Hamaide A. Transobturator vaginal tape inside out for treatment of urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence: preliminary results in 7 female dogs. Vet Surg 2010; 39: 969-979.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Cowgill LD. Urea kinetics and intermittent dialysis prescription in small animals. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2011; 41: 193-225.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Currao RL, Berent AC, Weisse C, Fox P. Use of a percutaneously controlled urethral hydraulic occluder for treatment of refractory urinary incontinence in 18 female dogs. Vet Surg 2013; 42: 440-447.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Davidson AP, Westropp JL. Diagnosis and management of urinary ectopia. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2014; 44: 343-353.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Defarges A, Berent A, Dunn M. New alternatives for minimally invasive management of uroliths: lower urinary tract uroliths. Compend Contin Educ Vet 2013; 35: E1.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Defarges A, Berent A, Dunn M. New alternatives for minimally invasive management of uroliths: nephroliths. Compend Contin Educ Vet 2013; 35: E3.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Defarges A, Berent A, Dunn M. New alternatives for minimally invasive management of uroliths: ureteroliths. Compend Contin Educ Vet 2013; 35: E4.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Delisser PJ, Friend EJ, Chanoit GP, Parsons KJ. Static hydraulic urethral sphincter for treatment of urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence in 11 dogs. Small Anim Pract 2012; 53: 338-343.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Della Maggiore AM, Steffey MA, Westropp JL. Treatment of traumatic penile urethral stricture in a dog with a self-expanding, covered nitinol stent. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013; 242: 1117-1121.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Di Cicco MF, Fetzer T, Secoura PL, Jermyn K, Hill T, Chaloub S, Vaden S. Management of bilateral idiopathic renal hematuria in a dog with silver nitrate. Can Vet J 2013; 54: 761-764.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Durán A, Hian SK, Miller DL, Le Heron J, Padovani R, Vano E. Recommendations for occupational radiation protection in interventional cardiology. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2013; 82: 29-42.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Fulkerson CM, Knapp DW. Management of transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder in dogs: a review. Vet J 2015; 205: 217-225.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Gaeta R, Brown D, Cohen R, Sorenmo K. Risk factors for development of sterile haemorrhagic cystitis in canine lymphoma patients receiving oral cyclophosphamide: a case-control study. Vet Comp Oncol 2014; 12: 277-286.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Grant DC, Were SR, Gevedon ML. Holmium:YAG laser lithotripsy for urolithiasis in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2008; 22: 534-539.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Grant DC, Harper TA, Were SR. Frequency of incomplete urolith removal,. complications, and diagnostic imaging following cystotomy for removal of uroliths from the lower urinary tract in dogs: 128 cases (1994-2006). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2010; 236: 763-766.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 49 Hadar EN, Morgan MJ, De Morgan O. Use of a self-expanding metallic stent for the treatment of a urethral stricture in a young cat. J Feline Med Surg 2011; 13: 597-601.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Heilmann RM, Thieman-Mankin KM, Cook AK. Bilaterale Sklerotherapie zur Behandlung der idiopathischen renalen Hämaturie bei einem Mischlingsrüden. Tierärztl Prax 2015; 43: 253-259.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 51 Heilmann RM, Pashmakova M, Lamb JH, Spaulding KA, Cook AK. Beidseitiger Einsatz eines subkutanen Ureter-Bypass zur Behandlung der bilateralen Harnleiterobstruktion infolge Ureterolithiasis bei einer Katze. Tier - ärztl Prax. http://dx.doi.org/10.15654/TPK-150128
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 52 Higuchi T, Burcham GN, Childress MO, Rohleder JJ, Bonney PL, Ramos-Vara JA, Knapp DW. Characterization and treatment of transitional cell carcinoma of the abdominal wall in dogs: 24 cases (1985-2010). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013; 242: 499-506.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 53 Hill TL, Berent AC, Weisse CW. Evaluation of urethral stent placement for benign urethral obstructions in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2014; 28: 1384-1390.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 54 Hitt ME. Hematuria of renal origin. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 1986; 8: 14-19.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 55 Ho LK, Troy GC, Waldron DR. Clinical outcomes of surgically managed ectopic ureters in 33 dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2011; 47: 196-202.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 56 Holmes ES, Weisse C, Berent AC. Use of fluoroscopically guided percutaneous antegrade urethral catheterization for the treatment of urethral obstruction in male cats: 9 cases (2000-2009). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2012; 241: 603-607.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 57 Holt PE. Urinary incontinence in the bitch due to sphincter mechanism incompetence: surgical treatment. J Small Anim Pract 1985; 26: 237-246.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 58 Holt PE. Long-term evaluation of colposuspension in the treatment of urinary incontinence due to incompetence of the urethral sphincter mechanism in the bitch. Vet Rec 1990; 127: 537-542.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 59 Holt PE, Gibbs C. Congenital urinary incontinence in cats: a review of 19. cases. Vet Rec 1992; 130: 437-442.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 60 Horowitz C, Berent A, Weisse C, Langston C, Bagley D. Predictors of outcome for cats with ureteral obstruction after interventional management using ureteral stents or a subcutaneous ureteral bypass device. J Feline Med Surg 2013; 15: 1052-1062.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 61 Hunt GB, Culp WTN, Epstein S, Jandry K, Ivanov M, Westropp J. Complications of Stamey percutaneous loop cystostomy catheters in three cats. J Feline Med Surg 2013; 15 (06) 503-506.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 62 Karpenstein H, Klumpp S, Seyrek-Intas D, Kramer M. Sonographie bei Erkrankungen des Harntrakts von Hund und Katze. Tierärztl Prax 2011; 39: 281-288.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 63 Kulendra E, Kulendra N, Halfacree Z. Management of bilateral ureteral trauma using ureteral stents and subsequent subcutaneous ureteral bypass devices in a cat. J Feline Med Surg 2014; 16: 536-540.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 64 Kulendra NJ, Syme H, Benigni L, Halfacree Z. Feline double pigtail ureteric stents for management of ureteric obstruction: short- and long-term follow-. up of 26 cats. J Feline Med Surg 2014; 16: 985-991.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 65 Kyles AE, Hardie EM, Wooden BG, Adin CA, Stone EA, Gregory CR, Mathews KG, Cowgill LD, Vaden S, Nyland TG, Ling GV. Clinical, clinicopathologic,. radiographic, and ultrasonographic abnormalities in cats with ureteral calculi: 163 cases (1984-2002). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005; 226: 932-936.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 66 Kyles AE, Hardie EM, Wooden BG, Adin CA, Stone EA, Gregory CR, Mathews KG, Cowgill LD, Vaden S, Nyland TG, Ling GV. Management and outcome of cats with ureteral calculi: 153 cases (1984-2002). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005; 226: 937-944.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 67 Laing EJ, Miller CW, Cochrane SM. Treatment of cyclophosphamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis in five dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1988; 193: 233-236.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 68 Lamb CR, Gregory SP. Ultrasonography of the ureterovesicular junction in the dog: a preliminary report. Vet Rec 1994; 134: 36-38.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 69 Lamb CR, Gregory SP. Ultrasonographic findings in 14 dogs with ectopic ureter. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 1998; 39: 218-223.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 70 Lamb CR. Ultrasonography of the ureters. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1998; 28: 823-848.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 71 Lane IF. Urodynamic studies. Nephrology and Urology of Small Animals.. Bartges J, Polzin D. West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell; 2011: 197-208.
    Google Scholar
  • 72 Lees GE, Cianciolo RE, Clubb Jr. FJ. Renal biopsy and pathologic evaluation of glomerular disease. Top Companion Anim Med 2011; 26: 143-153.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 73 Lulich JS, Osborne CA, Carlson M, Unger LK, Samelson LL, Koehler LA, Bird KA. Nonsurgical removal of urocystoliths in dogs and cats by voiding urohydropropulsion. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1993; 203: 660-663.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 74 Lulich JP, Osborne CA, Sanderson SL, Ulrich LK, Koehler LA, Bird KA, Swanson LL. Voiding urohydropropulsion. Lessions from 5 years of experience. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1999; 29: 283-291.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 75 Lulich JP, Adams LG, Grant D, Albasan H, Osborne CA. Changing paradigms in the treatment of uroliths by lithotripsy. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2009; 39: 143-160.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 76 Lulich JP, Osborne CA, Albasan H, Monga M, Bevan JM. Efficacy and safety of laser lithotripsy in fragmentation of urocystoliths and urethroliths for removal in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2009; 234: 1279-1285.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 77 Manassero M, Decambron A, Viateau V, Bedu AS, Vallefuoco R, Benchekroun G, Moissonnier P, Maurey C. Indwelling double pigtail ureteral stent combined or not with surgery for feline ureterolithiasis: complications and outcome in 15 cases. J Feline Med Surg 2014; 16: 623-630.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 78 Martinoli S, Nelissen P, White RA. The outcome of combined urethropexy and colposuspension for management of bitches with urinary incontinence associated with urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence. Vet Surg 2014; 43: 52-57.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 79 Massat BJ, Gregory CR, Ling GV, Cardinet GH, Lewis EL. Cystourethropexy to correct refractory urinary incontinence due to urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence. Preliminary results in ten bitches. Vet Surg 1993; 22: 260-268.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 80 McMillan SK, Knapp DW, Ramos-Vara JA, Bonney PL, Adams LG. Outcome of urethral stent placement for management of urethral obstruction secondary to transitional cell carcinoma in dogs: 19 cases (2007-2010). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2012; 241: 1627-1632.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 81 Meler E, Berent AC, Weisse CW, Dunn M. Treatment of congenital ureterovesicular junction stenosis by endoscopic laser-ablation in dogs: 10 cases (2010-2013). J Vet Intern Med 2014; 28: 1075 [Abstract].
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 82 Muir P, Goldsmid SE, Bellenger CR. Management of urinary incontinence in five bitches with incompetence of the urethral spincter mechanism by colposuspension and a modified sling urethroplasty. Vet Rec 1994; 134: 38-41.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 83 Mutsaers AJ, Widmer WR, Knapp DW. Canine transitional cell carcinoma. J Vet Intern Med 2003; 17: 136-144.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 84 Nascimento RG, Coleman J, Solomon SB. Current and future imaging for urologic interventions. Curr Opin Urol 2008; 18: 116-121.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 85 Naughton JF, Widmer WR, Constable PD, Knapp DW. Accuracy of threedimensional and two-dimensional ultrasonography for measurement of tumor volume in dogs with transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Am J Vet Res 2012; 73: 1919-1924.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 86 Neihaus SA, Hathcock TL, Boothe DM, Goring RL. Presurgical antiseptic efficacy of chlorhexidine diacetate and providone-iodine in the canine preputial cavity. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2011; 47: 406-412.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 87 Newman RG, Mehler SJ, Kitchell BE, Beal MW. Use of a balloon-expandable metallic stent to relieve malignant urethral obstruction in a cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2009; 234: 236-239.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 88 Nickel RF, Wiegand U, van den Brom WE. Evaluation of a transpelvic sling procedure with and without colposuspension for treatment of female dogs with refractory urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence. Vet Surg 1998; 27: 94-104.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 89 Nicoli S, Morello E, Martano M, Pisoni L, Buracco P. Double-J ureteral stenting in nine cats with ureteral obstruction. Vet J 2012; 194: 60-65.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 90 Nolan MW, Kogan L, Griffin LR, Custis JT, Harmon JF, Biller BJ, LaRue SM. Intensity-modulated and image-guided radiation therapy for treatment of genitourinary carcinomas in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2012; 26: 987-995.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 91 Ostroski CJ, Cooper ES. Development of dialysis disequilibrium-like clinical signs during postobstructive management of feline urethral obstruction. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 2014; 24: 444-449.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 92 Palit V, Joyce AD. Updates in endourology. Curr Urol Rep 2008; 9: 122-127.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 93 Peterson JL, Couto CG, Hammer AS, Ayl RD. Acute sterile hemorrhagic cystitis after a single intravenous administration of cyclophosphamide in three dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1992; 201: 1572-1574.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 94 Pineda C, Guisado A, Aguilera-Tejero E, Lopez I. Dissolution of urinary bladder clots in a dog with alteplase. J Vet Intern Med 2015; 29: 1627-1628.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 95 Quimby JM, Webb TL, Gibbons DS, Dow SW. Evaluation of intrarenal mesenchymal stem cell injection for treatment of chronic kidney disease in cats: a pilot study. J Feline Med Surg 2011; 13: 418-426.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 96 Quimby JM, Webb TL, Habenicht LM, Dow SW. Safety and efficacy of intravenous infusion of allogeneic cryopreserved mesenchymal stem cells for treatment of chronic kidney disease in cats: results of three sequential pilot studies. Stem Cell Res Ther 2013; 4: 48.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 97 Quimby JM, Dow SW. Novel treatment strategies for feline chronic kidney disease: a critical look at the potential of mesenchymal stem cell therapy. Vet J 2015; 204: 241-246.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 98 Quimby JM, Webb TL, Randall E, Marolf A, Valdes-Martinez A, Dow SW. Assessment of intravenous adipose-derived allogenic mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of feline chronic kidney disease: a randomized,. placebo-controlled clinical trial in eight cats. J Feline Med Surg 2016; 18: 165-171.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 99 Rawlings C, Barsanti JA, Mahaffey MB, Bement S. Evaluation of colposuspension for treatment of incontinence in spayed female dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2001; 219: 770-775.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 100 Rawlings CA, Diamond H, Howerth EW, Neuwirth L, Canalis C. Diagnostic quality of percutaneous kidney biopsy specimens obtained with laparoscopy versus ultrasound guidance in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2003; 223: 317-321.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 101 Rawlings CA, Berent AC. Cystoscopy. Small Animal Endoscopy.. Tams TR, Rawlings CA. St. Louis, USA: Mosby; 2011: 507-554.
    Google Scholar
  • 102 Reeves L, Adin C, McLoughlin M, Ham K, Chew D. Outcome after placement of an artificial urethral sphincter in 27 dogs. Vet Surg 2013; 42: 12-18.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 103 Reichler IM, Eckrich Specker C, Hubler M, Boos A, Haessig M, Arnold S. Ectopic ureters in dogs: clinical features, surgical techniques and outcome. Vet Surg 2012; 41: 515-522.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 104 Roudebush P, Polzin DJ, Ross SJ, Towell TL, Adams LG, Dru Forrester S. Therapies for feline chronic kidney disease. What is the evidence?. J Feline Med Surg 2009; 11: 195-210.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 105 Runge JJ, Berent AC, Mayhew PD, Weisse C. Transvesicular percutaneous cystolithotomy for the retrieval of cystic and urethral calculi in dogs and cats: 27 cases (2006-2008). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2011; 239: 344-349.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 106 Schneider SM, Cianciolo RE, Nabity MB, Clubb FJ, Brown CA, Lees GE. Prevalence of immune-complex glomerulonephritides in dogs biopsies for suspected glomerular disease: 501 cases (2007-2012). J Vet Intern Med 2013; 27: S67-S75.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 107 Smith AL, Radlinsky MG, Rawlings CA. Cystoscopic diagnosis and treatment of ectopic ureters in female dogs: 16 cases (2005-2008). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2010; 237: 191-195.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 108 Steinhaus J, Berent AC, Weisse C, Eatroff A, Donovan T, Haddad J, Bagley D. Clinical presentation and outcome of cats with circumcaval ureters associated with a ureteral obstruction. J Vet Intern Med 2015; 29: 63-70.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 109 Twedt C. Diagnostic laparoscopy. Small Animal Endoscopy.. Tams TR, Rawlings CA. St. Louis, USA: Mosby; 2011: 419-430.
    Google Scholar
  • 110 Verordnung über den Schutz vor Schäden durch ionisierende Strahlen (Strahlenschutzverordnung - StrlSchV) vom 20.07.2001 (letzte Änderung: 11.12.2014).
    PubMed
  • 111 Verordnung zum Schutz der Beschäftigten vor Gefährdungen durch künstliche optische Strahlung (Arbeitsschutzverordnung zu künstlicher optischer Strahlung - OstrV) vom 19.07.2010.
    PubMed
  • 112 Villa L, Cloutier J, Compérat E, Kronemberg P, Charlotte F, Berthe L, Rouchausse Y, Salonia A, Montorsi F, Traxer O. Do we really need to wear proper eye protection when using holmium:YAG laser during endourologic procedures? Results from an ex vivo animal model on pig eyes. J Endourol 2015; DOI: :10.1089/end.2015.0232..
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 113 Vogt S, Schneider M, Peppler C, Günther C, Kramer M. Urethral stent to treat a refractory traumatic urethra stricture in a male hunting dog. Tier - ärztl Prax 2014; 42(K): 180-186.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 114 Weisse C, Berent A. Percutaneous fluoroscopic-assisted perineal approach for rigid cystoscopy in 9 male dogs. Proc ECVIM 2012; 241 [Abstract].
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 115 White RN. Urethropexy for the management of urethral spincter mechanism incompetence in the bitch. J Small Anim Pract 2001; 42: 481-486.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 116 Wilson HM, Chun R, Larson VS, Kurzman ID, Vail DM. Clinical signs,. treatments, and outcome in cats with transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder: 20 cases (1990-2004). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2007; 231: 101-106.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 117 Wise LA, Allen TA, Cartwright M. Comparison of renal biopsy techniques in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1989; 195: 935-939.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 118 Wood MW, Vaden S, Cerda-Gonzalez S, Keene B. Cystoscopic-guided balloon dilation of a urethral stricture in a female dog. Can Vet J 2007; 48: 731-733.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 119 Yoo JH, Park C, Jung DI, Lim CY, Kang BT, Kim JH, Park JW, Kim JH, Park HM. In vivo cell tracking of canine allogenic mesenchymal stem cells administration via renal arterial catheterization and physiopathological effects on the kidney in two healthy dogs. J Vet Med Sci 2011; 73: 269-274.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 120 Zaid MS, Berent AC, Weisse CW, Caceres A. Feline ureteral strictures: 10. cases (2007-2009). J Vet Intern Med 2011; 25: 222-229.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 121 Zatelli A, D’Ippolito P, Zini E. Comparison of glomerular number and specimen length obtained from 100 dogs via percutaneous echo-assisted renal biopsy using two different needles. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2005; 46: 434-436.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 122 Zhang JT, Wang HB, Shi J, Zhang N, Zhang SX, Fan HG. Laparoscopy for percutaneous tube cystostomy in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2010; 236: 975-977.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar