Introduction
Endoscopic removal with conventional polypectomy techniques is suitable for most benign colorectal polyps [1]. However, occasionally conventional snare polypectomy cannot be performed due to increased risk of incomplete resection or perforation, for example, in cases of submucosal tumors, non-lifting polyps or polyps located at difficult anatomic locations, such as the appendiceal orifice (AO) [2]
[3]
[4]. To allow definitive diagnosis and treatment of these lesions, a novel endoscopic full-thickness resection device (FTRD, Ovesco Endoscopy, Tübingen, Germany) has been developed to perform endoscopic full-thickness resection (eFTR) with immediate secure defect closure [5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]. Except for information from general case series describing eFTR procedures throughout the colon, little is known about detailed technical outcomes for and efficacy of eFTR procedures performed to treat polyps involving the AO [5]
[11]
[12]. Therefore, the aim of this prospective observational case study was to evaluate feasibility, technical success and safety of eFTR procedures for colonic polyps involving the AO.
Patients and methods
This prospective observational case study was performed in a referral center for eFTR procedures (Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands). Two certified endoscopists who had extensive colonoscopy (≥ 1000 procedures) and complex polypectomy experience (≥ 500 procedures) performed all procedures after being trained in an ex vivo porcine model.
All patients referred for eFTR in our endoscopy center with a polyp involving the AO that could not be resected by endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) due to more than 50 % circumferential involvement of the AO or deep extension into the AO between November 2016 and December 2017 were included. Extension into the AO was defined as deep when the distal margin of the target lesion in the AO could not be overseen by the endoscopist. The only exclusion criterion applied was lesion diameter larger than 20 mm.
Description of the FTRD
The FTRD is a pre-assembled over-the-scope device consisting of a transparent cap with a modified over-the-scope-clip (OTSC; compression width 12.3 mm). The transparent cap has an inner diameter of 13 mm and a length of 23 mm. A monofilament polypectomy snare is preloaded into the tip of the cap. The snare is not advanced through the working channel but runs along the outer shaft of the colonoscope underneath a plastic sheet. The device has a Conformité Européene (CE) mark and is commercially available throughout Europe [5].
eFTR procedure
All patients received standard split-dose PEG bowel preparation. All procedures were performed under propofol sedation. Prophylactic antibiotic therapy consisting of a single dose of intravenous metronidazole and cefazolin was given at the start of the procedure. Patients without a previous appendectomy received a 5-day post-procedural oral antibiotics regimen to prevent secondary appendicitis. Prior to the eFTR procedure, the target lesion was identified with a conventional colonoscope using both HD white light endoscopy (WLE) and narrow band imaging (NBI). Lesion diameter and polyp extension into the AO were estimated at the discretion of the endoscopist. Thereafter, the colonoscope was withdrawn and the FTRD was mounted onto the colonoscope, which was advanced to the target lesion. After identification of the target lesion, a specialized grasping forceps (Ovesco Endoscopy, Tübingen, Germany) was advanced through the working channel to grasp the lesion. The lesion was slowly pulled into the cap and with the lateral margins of the lesion pulled into the cap, the OTSC was deployed. Immediately thereafter, the pseudopolyp that was created was resected with the pre-loaded snare, while the OTSC secured the integrity of the cecal wall ( [Fig. 1]) [5]. The resection specimen was entrapped into the cap and withdrawn. The colonoscope without the FTRD was introduced once again to inspect the position of the OTSC.
Fig. 1 Schematic illustration of the eFTR procedure of a polyp involving the AO. Source: Rogier Trompert Medical Art, www.medical-art.nl
Patients were hospitalized for 24 hours to closely monitor clinical signs of discomfort, bleeding, perforation or infection. The recommended dietary regimen was a clear fluid diet for 24 hours, and thereafter, a normal diet was started.
Histopathology handling and follow-up of adverse events
The resection specimen was stretched and pinned down on paraffin before immersion into formalin, which was analyzed by an experienced gastrointestinal pathologist. The length of the appendiceal resection was systematically assessed by measuring the length from the cecal lumen to the horizontal resection margin. Patients were contacted 14 days after the procedure to follow up on delayed adverse events.
Outcome measures
The primary outcome measure was to describe the technical success of eFTR procedures involving the AO, defined as endoscopic radical en-bloc resection of the target lesion. Secondary outcome measures included full-thickness (muscularis propria present in the resection specimen) and histopathologically proven R0 resection (vertical and horizontal margins free of polypoid tissue), occurrence of device malfunctions and procedure-related adverse events (AEs).
Ethics and statistics
The study protocol was presented to the institutional review board. Because eFTR procedures were considered part of standard health care, additional approval or informed consent was not required according to Dutch law. The study was carried out in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki [13]. No sample size calculation was conducted for this study. For descriptive statistics, the median with interquartile range (IQR) was used for variables with a skewed distribution by using SPSS 24 (SPSS, Chicago, Illinois, United States).
Results
Between November 2016 and December 2017, eight patients were referred for eFTR of a polyp involving the AO. One patient was excluded and did not undergo eFTR because the diameter of the target lesion was 35 mm. Three of the remaining seven patients had previously undergone appendectomy. Other patient demographics are shown in [Table1].
Table 1
Patient demographics.
|
Patient characteristics
|
N = 7
|
|
Female – no (%)
|
6 (85.7 %)
|
|
Median age – years (IQR)
|
64 (55 – 67)
|
|
ASA classification – no (%)
|
|
|
7 (100 %)
|
|
Anticoagulant use – no (%)
|
0 (0 %)
|
|
Appendectomy in the medical history – no (%)
|
2 (28.6 %)
|
|
Primary indication of the first colonoscopy – no indications (%)
|
|
|
2 (28.6 %)
|
|
|
2 (28.6 %)
|
|
|
2 (28.6 %)
|
|
|
1 (14.3 %)
|
1 Symptoms: rectal blood loss, change in bowel habits or abdominal pain
Polyp characteristics
All lesion characteristics are shown in [Table 2]. Six of seven polyps were previously biopsied or treated by a lifting and/or snare polypectomy attempt. Median polyp size estimated at the endoscopist’s discretion during colonoscopy was 12 mm (10 – 15), all polyps were non-pedunculated and during endoscopy, five appeared as sessile serrated lesions ( [Fig. 2]).
Table 2
Endoscopic target lesion characteristics.
|
Preceding appendectomy
|
Previously treated[1]
|
Type of performed treatment
|
Lesion diameter (mm)
|
Appendiceal involvement (%)
|
Paris Classification
|
Macroscopic aspect
(KUDO)
|
|
1
|
No
|
No
|
|
10
|
50 %
|
Is
|
Serrated
|
|
2
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Diagnostic biopsies
|
20
|
100 %
|
IIa
|
Serrated
|
|
3
|
No
|
Yes
|
Successful lifting Incomplete polypectomy attempt
|
12
|
75 %
|
IIa
|
Adenomatous (III-V)
|
|
4
|
No
|
Yes
|
Successful lifting
|
5
|
50 %
|
Is
|
Serrated
|
|
5
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Diagnostic biopsies
|
12
|
75 %
|
Is
|
Serrated
|
|
6
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Successful lifting Incomplete polypectomy attempt
|
10
|
100 %
|
Is
|
Adenomatous (III-V)
|
|
7
|
No
|
Yes
|
Endoscopic lifting, non-lifting sign
|
15
|
50 %
|
Is
|
Serrated
|
|
Overall
|
3/7
(42.9 %)
|
6/7
(85.7 %)
|
|
12
(10 – 15)[2]
|
75 %
(50 – 100)
[2]
|
Is
5/7 (71.4 %)
IIa
2/7 (28.6 %)
|
Adenomatous
2/7 (28.6 %)
Serrated
5/7 (71.4 %)
|
1 A preceding treatment attempt could consist of diagnostic biopsies, a submucosal lifting attempt or a polypectomy attempt with snare coagulation
2 Median (IQR)
Fig. 2 Endoscopic images of colorectal polyps involving the AO prior to eFTR.
eFTR characteristics, histopathology and adverse events
All lesions could be reached and retracted into the FTRD and all procedures resulted in an endoscopic radical en-bloc resection ([Table 3], [Fig. 3], [Fig. 4], [Fig. 5]). No device malfunctions and immediate AEs or discomfort occurred. All resections were full-thickness with histopathological radical vertical resection margins, as shown in [Table 3] and [Fig. 6]. The horizontal margin of the third case was positive for serrated tissue, resulting in a R0 resection rate of 85.7 % (6/7). Surveillance colonoscopy performed 6 months later showed a clear and histopathologically proven recurrence ([Fig. 7]). Subsequently, this patient underwent laparoscopic cecectomy.
Table 3
Procedural and histopathological characteristics.
|
Procedural characteristics
|
N = 7
|
|
Target lesion reached – no (%)
|
7 (100 %)
|
|
Target lesion retracted into the FTRD – no (%)
|
7 (100 %)
|
|
Endoscopic macroscopic en-bloc resection – no (%)
|
7 (100 %)
|
|
Device malfunction – no (%)
|
0 (0 %)
|
|
Median total duration of the procedure including colonoscopy without FTRD – minutes (IQR)
|
38 (33 – 57)
|
|
Median total duration of the eFTR procedure – minutes (IQR)
|
20 (19 – 37)
|
|
Intra procedural complications – no (%)
|
0 (0 %)
|
|
Post procedural complications – no (%)
|
2 (28.6 %)
|
|
|
1 (14.3 %)
|
|
|
1 (14.3 %)
|
|
Post-procedural admission – no (%)
|
7 (100 %)
|
|
|
1 (1 – 1)
|
|
Prophylactic antibiotic treatment given per procedura – no (%)
|
7 (100 %)
|
|
Post procedural antibiotic treatment given – no (%)
|
5 (71.4 %)
|
|
Histology – no (%)
|
|
|
6 (85.7 %)
|
|
|
1 (14.3 %)
|
|
Dysplasia – no (%)
|
|
|
2 (28.6 %)
|
|
|
5 (71.4 %)
|
|
R0 resection – no (%)
|
6 (85.7 %)
|
|
|
7 (100 %)
|
|
|
6 (85.7 %)
|
|
Full thickness resection – no (%)
|
7 (100 %)
|
|
Median size of total resection preparation – mm (IQR)
|
34 (29 – 35)
|
|
Mean/median size of total resection preparation – mm (IQR)
|
15 (7 – 17)
|
|
Median length from the cecal lumen to the horizontal resection margin – mm (IQR)
|
8.25 (8.00 – 9.25)
|
FTRD, full-thickness resection device; eFTR, endoscopic full-thickness resection; IQR, interquartile range
Fig. 3 Endoscopic image of the OTSC mounted onto the colonoscope.
Fig. 4 Endoscopic images after eFTR.
Fig. 5 Macroscopic images of resection specimens after eFTR.
Fig. 6 Microscopic histopathologic images of resection specimens after eFTR.
Fig. 7 Endoscopic visible recurrence 6 months after eFTR of a sessile serrated lesion with low-grade dysplasia in the third case.
Two patients developed fever and abdominal discomfort in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen 2 days after eFTR. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan of one patient revealed a small abscess adjacent to the OTSC after a preceding appendectomy (sixth case) and the CT scan of the other patient (seventh case) showed secondary appendicitis. The abscess was treated with ultrasound-guided puncture and aspiration of the abscess content and the patient with the secondary appendicitis subsequently underwent laparoscopic appendectomy. Both procedures were followed by intravenous and oral antibiotic regimens for 7 days.
Discussion
This small, prospective, observational case study showed that the relatively new eFTR technique to resect polyps involving the AO was feasible with good technical success. All lesions could be reached and retracted, although advancing the colonoscope with the mounted FTRD to the AO can be challenging due to the length of the device, especially through angulated or fixated diverticular segments. Furthermore, all procedures resulted in endoscopic radical en bloc and histopathologically proven full-thickness resections.
In our study, the horizontal margin was positive in one case, resulting in an R0 resection rate of 85.7 %. Median resection length of the appendix was 8.25 mm (IQR 8.00 – 9.25). It is important to understand that the appendix is only partially resected during eFTR, due to partial inversion of the appendix into the cecum before OTSC placement and subsequent resection ([Fig. 1]). As a result, radical resection of target lesions that extend deeper into the AO is possible, especially because during colonoscopy, it is difficult to oversee the exact depth of extension into the appendix. Therefore, in cases with positive horizontal resection margins, it is important to perform follow-up colonoscopy to evaluate for recurrent polypoid tissue, and if it is present, additional surgical resection may be warranted.
Because the lateral margins of the target lesion are easier to overlook endoscopically with eFTR than the deep horizontal margin in the AO, radical resection of the lateral margin is probably less likely. In this small study, lateral margins were all negative. However, if radical resection did occur, follow-up endoscopy would be indicated. If macroscopic recurrence is present either endoscopic resection attempts with conventional resection techniques or additional surgery could be treatment options, depending on the size and location of the recurrence. Although in the majority of patients the OTSC will spontaneously be detached from the cecal wall, it is possible for the OTSC to still be in position. If so, a bipolar cutting device (remOVE System, Ovesco Endoscopy) is available from the manufacturer to remove the OTSC [12].
Although all patients received prophylactic antibiotic treatment, one patient developed secondary appendicitis. This was most likely caused by retained mucus within the remaining appendix, which was occluded by the OTSC. Furthermore, another patient developed a small abscess adjacent to the OTSC, which was treatable conservatively. In a recent prospective multicenter study, three of 34 (8.8 %) patients undergoing eFTR for a polyp involving the AO developed secondary appendicitis and one patient required additional laparoscopic appendectomy [12]. This risk seems lower when compared with the findings from our study, however, caution is required in comparing results in these limited number of cases.
Endoscopic resection of polyps involving the AO is often regarded as controversial due to a high risk for incomplete resection and perforation. For this reason, patients are commonly referred for surgical resection. Recently successful endoscopic resection of polyps involving the AO with EMR or ESD has been described in expert tertiary endoscopy centers. However, these procedures mainly involved lesions without deep extension into the AO or when less than 50 % of the circumference of the AO was involved [14]
[15]
[16]
[17]. For lesions with a diameter less than 20 mm combined with a more than 50 % circumferential involvement of the AO or deep extension into the AO, eFTR could be an important alternative endoscopic strategy. This is especially true considering that eFTR is less demanding to perform and relatively easy to learn [11]
[12].
Conclusion
In conclusion, eFTR of AO polyps is feasible and appears to be effective in this small prospective case study performed in a single tertiary referral center. However, before eFTR of appendiceal polyps can routinely be applied as a minimally invasive and cost-effective alternative to surgical resection, further larger multicenter studies involving safety and long-term follow – up data are warranted.
