Enteral self-expandable metal stent placement for malignant afferent limb syndrome using single-balloon enteroscope: report of five cases

Abstract

Endoscopic enteral self-expandable metal stent (SEMS) placement is a useful alternative treatment option for malignant afferent limb syndrome (ALS). We investigated the safety, efficacy, and follow-up results of enteral SEMS placement using a single-balloon enteroscope for the treatment of malignant ALS.

Introduction

Afferent limb syndrome (ALS), which shows chronic obstruction of the afferent limb from various causes, is a postoperative complication following gastrointestinal surgery [1] [2]. Afferent limb obstruction can be caused by afferent limb kinking and angulation, internal herniation, postoperative adhesions, or tumor recurrence. ALS may cause increased epigastric pain, cholestasis, cholangitis, or pancreatitis. Previously, surgical treatment was the definitive therapy for ALS [1]. However, in patients with malignant ALS due to recurrent cancer, less invasive nonsurgical treatment is desirable considering the poor medical condition of the patients.

Recently, advances in endoscopic devices and techniques have led to various management options [2] [3]. Among them, treatment using a balloon enteroscope is also promising in complicated reconstructive intestinal tract cases. However, there are apparently only a few case reports of the treatment of malignant ALS by enteral self-expandable metal stent (SEMS) placement using a balloon enteroscope [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9], and little is known about the efficacy, safety, and follow-up results. We report on enteral SEMS placement for malignant ALS using a single-balloon enteroscope (SBE) in five consecutive patients and review previous case reports.

Case series

Between January 2010 and October 2017, we performed therapeutic endoscopic intervention in five consecutive patients with malignant ALS using SBE. Informed consent to undergo the procedure was obtained from each patient. We examined the procedural details and clinical courses of the patients retrospectively using their medical records and endoscopic database. This study was approved by our institutional review board.

Endoscopic procedures were performed using two types of SBE depending on the period: standard SBE (SIF-Q260; Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) and short SBE (SIF-H290S; Olympus) with an overtube. A standard SBE has a 200 cm working length and a 2.8 mm working channel. A short SBE has a 152 cm working length and a 3.2 mm working channel. The larger working channel of a short SBE has the advantage of allowing the use of up to 9-Fr devices.

In all patients, the SBE was inserted into the afferent limb using a standard insertion technique. After reaching the stricture site, enterography was performed and the stricture length was confirmed. Then, a guidewire (0.025 inch VisiGlide2; Olympus, or 0.035 inch Jagwire; Boston Scientific, Tokyo, Japan) was inserted across the stricture. In cases wherein it was difficult to recognize the accurate stricture site or length, clip placement was performed as a landmark. Following guidewire placement, we performed two types of procedure depending on the situation: the overtube-assisted (OA) method or the through-the-scope (TTS) method. In the OA method, after the guidewire had been placed deeply in the afferent limb across the stricture, the enteroscope was removed, leaving the overtube fixed by the balloon and the guidewire in place. Subsequently, an enteral SEMS (22 mm diameter, 60 – 120 mm long, Niti-S pyloric/duodenal D-type stent; Taewoong Medical, Seoul, South Korea, or 22 mm diameter, 60 – 120 mm long, WallFlex Duodenal stent; Boston Scientific) delivery system was advanced along the guidewire through the remaining overtube. Thereafter, stent deployment was performed under fluoroscopic guidance ([Fig. 1], [Video 1]). After the development of a newly designed enteral stent using a 9-Fr delivery system (18 mm diameter, 60 – 120 mm long, Niti-S pyloric/Duodenal D-type stent; Taewoong Medical or 22 mm diameter, 60 – 120 mm long, Wallflex Duodenal Soft stent; Boston Scientific), we selected the TTS method using a short SBE. In the TTS method, after the guidewire had been placed deeply across the stricture, an enteral SEMS was deployed using direct endoscopic vision under fluoroscopic guidance ([Fig. 2], [Video 2]).

Fig. 1 Overtube-assisted SEMS placement. a Computed tomography (CT) showing marked dilation of the afferent limb (arrows) and the recurrent tumor (arrowhead). b Endoscopic image of the stenotic site. c Enterography showing the afferent limb stenosis. The length of the stenosis was about 3 cm. d A marking clip was placed as a landmark for the stenotic site. e, f The enteral SEMS was deployed via the overtube.

 Video 1 Overtube-assisted SEMS placement. After the guidewire had been placed across the stricture, the enteroscope was removed, leaving the overtube and the guidewire in place. Subsequently, SEMS deployment was performed under fluoroscopic guidance.

Fig. 2 Through-the-scope SEMS placement: a Fluoroscopic imaging showing malignant afferent limb obstruction. b The stent delivery system was introduced through the scope channel. c SEMS was deployed under direct endoscopic view with fluoroscopic guidance.

 Video 2 Through-the-scope SEMS placement. After the guidewire had been placed across the stricture, SEMS deployment was performed using direct endoscopic vision under fluoroscopic guidance.

The main outcome measures were technical success and clinical success. Technical success was defined as successful intended SEMS placement in the stricture site using an SBE. Clinical success was defined as resolution of clinical symptoms and decreased dilation of the afferent loop from the imaging findings. Adverse events (AEs) were evaluated according to the severity grading system in the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy’s lexicon.

After stent placement, each patient underwent physical examination daily and blood test once a week until discharge. After discharge, each patient underwent physical examination and blood test monthly in an outpatient clinic. The patients were advised to visit the hospital if symptoms developed and they underwent further examination including an imaging diagnostic test. If follow-up could not be carried out at our institute, a telephone interview was conducted.

The clinical characteristics of the patients are summarized in [Table 1]. The primary diseases included pancreatic cancer (n = 4) and cholangiocarcinoma (n = 1). The surgical methods for primary disease treatment included subtotal stomach preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy in four patients (one received prior total gastrectomy) and right hepatectomy with extrahepatic bile duct resection in one patient. The median duration from surgery to endoscopic treatment was 21 months (range, 5 – 43 months). All five patients had cholangitis, and their computed tomography (CT) images showed afferent bowel loop dilatation due to recurrent tumor. The technical success rate of the endoscopic treatment was 100 % in this case series. The median scope insertion and total procedural times were 33 minutes (6 – 48 minutes) and 63 minutes (29 – 80 minutes), respectively. In four patients, SEMS was deployed using the OA method. In the remaining case, SEMS was deployed using the TTS method. In all patients, the proper position and expansion of the SEMS were confirmed on the following day by abdominal radiography, and there were no post-procedural AEs. Clinical success was achieved in all five patients postoperatively. Four patients died 219, 109, 103, and 84 days after the procedure without recurrent cholangitis. The remaining patient had recurrent cholangitis 114 days after the procedure, and CT showed bile duct dilation without afferent limb obstruction. SBE-assisted endoscopic retrograde cholangiography through the previously placed enteral SEMS revealed a choledochojejunal anastomosis stricture, and balloon dilation of the anastomosis was performed. After the treatment, recurrent cholangitis was not observed during the 651 days until the patient’s death. The details of the endoscopic treatment procedure and the outcomes for each patient are summarized in [Table 2].

Table 1 Characteristics of patients in our case series.

Patient	Age (years), sex	Primary disease	Reconstruction method	Duration after surgery (months)	Indication	Cause of ALS
1	76 M	Pancreatic cancer	SSPPD (earlier total gastrectomy with Roux-en Y reconstruction)	42	Cholangitis	Recurrent tumor
2	65 M	Pancreatic cancer	SSPPD	5	Cholangitis	Recurrent tumor
3	59 F	Pancreatic cancer	SSPPD	21	Cholangitis	Recurrent tumor
4	77 M	Pancreatic cancer	SSPPD	7	Cholangitis	Recurrent tumor
5	64 M	Cholangiocarcinoma	Right hepatectomy with bile duct resection	43	Cholangitis	Recurrent tumor

ALS, afferent limb syndrome; SSPPD, subtotal stomach preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy.

Table 2 Details of endoscopic treatment in our case series.

Patient	Scope	Stent deployment method	Stent			Procedure time (min)	Adverse events	Follow-up period (days)	Recurrent cholangitis
			Delivery system size (Fr)	Diameter (mm)	Length (mm)
1	Short SBE	Overtube assisted	10	22	120	80	None	219	No
2	Short SBE	Overtube assisted	10	22	80	68	None	103	No
3	Short SBE	Overtube assisted	10	22	100	29	None	109	No
4	Short SBE	Through-the-scope	9	22	60	56	None	84	No
5	Standard SBE	Overtube assisted	10	22	60	63	None	765	Yes (choledochojejunal anastomosis stenosis 114 days after the procedure)

SBE, single-balloon enteroscope.

Discussion

We confirmed the efficacy and safety of enteral SEMS placement using SBE in five patients with malignant ALS. ALS is a postoperative complication in various gastrointestinal surgeries [1] [2]. The incidence of ALS in pancreatic cancer patients after pancreaticoduodenectomy is reported to be 13 % [2]. In addition, one-third of the ALS in this population was caused by recurrent pancreatic cancer.

Although surgery is the standard therapy for ALS, it is highly invasive for patients with noncurative malignant disease, particularly pancreatobiliary cancer. On the other hand, the percutaneous transhepatic approach is a well-established treatment for ALS [10]. However, it usually requires two steps: percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) and stent placement along the PTBD tract 1 or more weeks later. Therefore, the percutaneous approach is relatively invasive and time-consuming. Although the one-step direct percutaneous enteral stent insertion technique has also been reported, it has a high risk of bile leakage. Furthermore, in patients without intrahepatic bile duct dilation, the percutaneous approach is difficult and occasionally not possible. On the other hand, enteroscopy enables patients to undergo one-step enteral metal stent placement which can contribute to the maintenance of a patient’s quality of life [2] [3]. In addition, enteroscopy can be performed in patients with a bleeding tendency (e. g., severe coagulopathy or receiving anticoagulation therapy) who are at a high risk for surgery and percutaneous treatment. However, in patients with a long and tortuous afferent bowel loop before stenosis, the endoscopic approach is thought to be difficult.

At present, balloon enteroscope-assisted endoscopic intervention includes enteral metal stent placement, which is applied in the treatment of several conditions in patients with surgically altered anatomy. In our PubMed search, there were six reports (eight patients) in which SEMS was placed for the treatment of malignant ALS using a balloon enteroscope ([Table 3]) [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9]. Four patients were treated using the OA method and the remaining four patients using the TTS method. SEMS placement on the target site was successful in all patients; subsequently, clinical success was achieved. Recently, a newly designed balloon enteroscope with a shorter scope length and a larger working channel, and enteral SEMS with a smaller delivery system enabled us to perform TTS SEMS placement under direct endoscopic view with fluoroscopic guidance. This technique appears to be easier, safer, and more accurate than OA SEMS placement [7] [8] [9].

Table 3 Summary of other studies using enteral metal stent placement for malignant afferent limb syndrome with a balloon enteroscope.

Reference	Number of patients	Primary disease	Reconstruction method	Scope	Stent deployment method	Stent		Clinical success	Adverse events	Outcome
						Diameter (mm)	Length (mm)
Kida et al. 2013 [4]	1	Pancreatic cancer	PPPD	Standard DBE	Overtube assisted	NA	NA	Yes	None	NA
Sasaki et al. 2014 [5]	1	Pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinoma	PD with R-Y	Standard DBE	Overtube assisted	22	60	Yes	None	NA
Nakahara et al. 2015 [6]	2	Pancreatic cancer (1), cholangiocarcinoma (1)	PPPD (2)	Standard SBE	Overtube assisted	22	120	Yes	Ascending cholangitis (1)	No recurrent cholangitis (4 months, 14 months)
Shimatani et al. 2016 [7]	1	Pancreatic cancer	PD	Short DBE	Through-the-scope	18	60	Yes	None	NA
Minaga et al. 2016 [8]	1	Duodenal cancer	PD	Short SBE	Through-the-scope	18	80	Yes	None	NA
Kanno et al. 2018 [9]	2	Cholangiocarcinoma (1), gastric cancer (1)	PD (1), TG with R-Y	Short SBE	Through-the-scope	18	80, 100	Yes	None	No recurrent cholangitis (1 month, 12 months)

PD, pancreaticoduodenectomy; PPPD, pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy; DBE, double-balloon enteroscope; R-Y, Roux-en Y reconstruction; SBE, single-balloon enteroscope; TG, total gastrectomy.

To the best of our knowledge, there have been few reports to date about post-procedural outcomes after endoscopic enteral SEMS placement for malignant ALS [6] [9]. Our case series showed satisfactory follow-up results without apparent recurrent cholangitis due to obstruction of the enteral SEMS over the remaining life of the patients. Furthermore, it is theoretically possible to perform additional SEMS placement if SEMS occlusion occurs.

Enteral SEMS placement using SBE is an effective, less invasive, promising treatment method for malignant ALS. Further accumulation of cases, examination of safety and efficacy, and evaluation of follow-up results are warranted to confirm our results.

Competing interests

None

Acknowledgments

We are indebted to Dr. Edward Barroga (http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8920-2607) for the editorial review of the manuscript.

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