Medizinische Versorgung bei Langzeitmissionen in der Raumfahrt

Zusammenfassung

Im Lichte zukünftiger Langzeitraumfahrtmissionen fernab der Erdumlaufbahn besitzt die Fähigkeit der Crew zur autonomen, medizinischen Versorgung einen besonderen Stellenwert. Hier ist insbesondere die Durchführung einer Anästhesie bei einer dringend notwendigen Operation von entscheidender Bedeutung, um unter Umständen die Mission weiter fortsetzen zu können. Bisher musste noch keine Allgemeinanästhesie in der Raumfahrt durchgeführt werden, sodass die praktische Erfahrung entsprechend limitiert ist. Es erscheint sinnvoll, in Umgebungen mit vergleichbaren medizinischen Versorgungssituationen nach Erfahrungswerten und Behandlungsstrategien zu suchen. Diese Umgebungen sollten über eine oder mehrere der Eigenschaften von Raumfahrtmissionen verfügen. Beispielsweise könnten dies Limitationen bei medizinischem Personal und Ausstattung oder die Unmöglichkeit einer zeitnahen Evakuierung zu einer höherwertigen Versorgungseinrichtung sein. Die vorliegende Übersichtsarbeit fasst die bisher zu diesem Thema publizierte Literatur zusammen und gibt einen Überblick über wichtige und bisher bekannte medizinische Maßnahmen in Schwerelosigkeit.

Abstract

In light of future space exploration missions far away from low-earth orbit, the crew needs to be able to perform medical care fully self-sufficient. Therefore, the ability to provide safe anesthesia for urgent operations represents a crucial step to ensure mission continuation. So far, surgery has never been performed in space under microgravity. Thus, there is no practical experience with the provision of anesthesia during spaceflight. Therefore, it is important to look at environments with similar properties and at the way anesthesia is handled there. Those environments should, at least, possess one of the essential characteristics of space exploration missions, like for example limitations in medical qualified personnel, medical equipment or the ability to evacuate patients to a hospital. This review summarizes the available literature and gives an overview concerning the provision of anesthesia under spaceflight conditions.

Key words

anesthesia - space flight - surgery - emergency medicine - microgravity

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