Introduction
Most colorectal carcinomas (CRCs) originate from adenomas [1]. However, a serrated neoplastic pathway has been recently accepted, in which CRCs develop from serrated lesions of the colon and rectum. Serrated lesions were initially described by Longacre, and this pathway accounts for as many as 30 % to 35 % of all sporadic CRCs [2]
[3]. Serrated lesions have been classified into three groups: hyperplastic polyps (HPs), sessile serrated adenomas/polyps (SSA/Ps), and traditional serrated adenomas [1]
[4]. Among these, SSA/Ps constituted 15 % to 25 % of the serrated lesions and have been reported as precursors of sporadic CRCs with microsatellite instability [5]
[6], BRAF mutation [7], and a CpG island methylator phenotype [8]
[9]
[10]. Therefore, early detection of SSA/Ps is important for prevention of CRCs. We previously published a report of the first identified depressed type of SSA/P, designated as an inverted SSA/P (InSSA/P) [11].
Inverted HPs (InHPs) have been reported to have endophytic growth of the hyperplastic gland [12]
[13]. InSSA/Ps also exhibit the same phenomenon and show a form that is unusual for an SSA/P. However, there have been few reports of their clinicopathological characteristics, endoscopic features, and genetic characteristics. Thus, the aim of this retrospective study was to clarify the clinicopathological characteristics, endoscopic features, and genetic characteristics of InSSA/Ps.
Patients and methods
The study involved retrospective data collection at an endoscopy unit in the National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan. We reviewed pathology reports from our hospital for January 2010 to June 2015 and identified SSA/Ps that were diagnosed with endoscopic resected specimens. Histology reports of these cases were reviewed and clinicopathological characteristics, endoscopic features, and genetic characteristics of InSSA/Ps were compared with those of non-inverted SSA/Ps.
Histopathology
Histopathological diagnosis of SSA/P was confirmed according to the World Health Organization’s 2010 classification [10] and was evaluated by gastrointestinal pathologists. The criteria comprise abnormal architecture of the crypt bases: a so-called abnormal proliferation (such as crypt dilation), irregularly branching crypts, and horizontally arranged basal area crypts (inverted T- and/or -shaped crypts) [10]. InSSA/Ps have forms similar to those of InHPs and exhibit endophytic growth of the SSA/P’s gland [11]. SSA/Ps that did not have these characteristics were defined as ordinary-SSA/Ps (O-SSA/Ps) in this study. Selected InSSA/Ps were further divided into two pathological patterns: expansive growth type (EGT) and infiltrating growth type (IGT) [12]. The pathological difference between these two types is as follows. EGT was endophytic growth of crypt dilation, irregularly branching crypts, and horizontally arranged basal area crypts with clear, delimited borders ([Fig. 1]). IGT was an endophytic growth of scattered crypt dilation, irregularly branching crypts, and horizontally arranged basal area crypts with invagination into the submucosal layer or submucosal lymphoid tissue; invagination into the submucosa was always found ([Fig. 2]).
Fig. 1 Endoscopic and histological features of EGT. a, b Colonoscopy displayed a 6-mm flat-elevated lesion with a central depression in the descending colon. The mucosal central depression was a deep lesion with mucin hypersecretion. NBI with magnification shows VMV. e The morphology of the lesion changed over time. f, g Colonoscopy displayed a 10-mm flat-elevated lesion with three clearly demarcated and deep lesions (red and yellow arrows) in the transverse colon. c, d, h, i EGT exhibits endophytic growth of crypt dilation, irregularly branching crypts, and horizontally arranged basal area crypts with a clear delimited border.
Fig. 2 Endoscopic and histological features of IGT. a, b Colonoscopy displayed an 8-mm flat-elevated lesion in the ascending colon. It exhibited mucin hypersecretion and NBI with magnification showed dilated type II pit pattern (whites arrows). c, d IGT exhibits endophytic growth of scattered crypt dilation, irregularly branching crypts, and horizontally arranged basal area crypts with the invagination into the submucosal layer.
Colonoscopy
Endoscopists retrospectively reviewed the colonoscopy images from SSA/Ps diagnosed pathologically
between January 2010 and June 2015, and characteristic colonoscopic findings of the InSSAPs were
investigated. Characteristic colonoscopic findings were as follows: 1) color (normal, white, and red); 2) adherent mucous on the surface of the lesions either present or absent; 3) location either on the right (cecum to transverse colon) or the left side (descending colon to rectum) of the colon; 4) varicose microvascular vessel (VMV) [14] either present or absent using narrow band imaging with magnification ([Fig. 1b]); 5) expanded type II (E-II) pit pattern either present or absent ([Fig. 2b]) (the standard protocol for diagnosing an expanded type II pit pattern was the presence of a type II pit pattern with a modified Kudo type II pit pattern. These pits were wider and more rounded in shape, reflecting the dilatation of the crypts. We performed chromoendoscopy with indigo carmine dye spraying and crystal violet staining for all specimens) [15]
[16]; and 6) presence or absence of depression ([Fig. 1a], [Fig. 1f]). Endoscopically, the depression was deep and clearly demarcated.
Identification of gene mutations
We reviewed pathology reports from our hospital from January 2010 to June 2015 and abstracted representative cases of O-SSA/Ps and InSSA/Ps and specimens that were in good condition. As a result, seven O-SSA/Ps and 11 InSSA/Ps specimens were usable, and O-SSA/Ps and InSSA/Ps were analyzed to identify any significant differences in mutation rates. Genomic DNA was obtained from these tissues and sent to a research institution (MBL, Nagoya, Japan) for evaluation. Unstained sections, 10 -µm thick, were obtained from the formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue block. Thirty-six mutations in KRAS codon 61 (Q61K, Q61E, Q61 L, Q61P, Q61 R, and Q61H); KRAS codon 146 (A146 T, A146S, A146P, A146E, A146V, and A146G); BRAF codon 600 (V600E); NRAS codon 12 (G12S, G12C, G12 R, G12 D, G12V, and G12A); NRAS codon 13 (G13S, G13C, G13 R, G13 D, G13V, and G13A); NRAS codon 61 (Q61K, Q61E, Q61 L, Q61P, Q61 R, and Q61H); PIK3CA exon 9 codon 542 (E542K); PIK3CA exon 9 codon 545 (E545K); PIK3CA exon 9 codon 546 (E546K); and PIK3CA exon 20 codon 1047 (H1047 R and H1047 L) were analyzed using Luminex technology (GENOSEARCH Mu-PACK; MBL) [17].
Statistical analyses
Baseline characteristics of each case were compared using the χ2 or Fisher’s exact test for categorical data. The Mann-Whitney U test was used for non-normally distributed continuous variables. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. All analyses were performed using SPSS Version 22.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, United States).
Results
We found the 104 lesions obtained from 85 patients. As shown in [Table 1], 37 lesions were diagnosed as InSSA/Ps (35.6 %). All InSSA/Ps were divided into two growth patterns: EGT (14.4 %) and IGT (21.2 %).
Table 1
SSA/P: 104 lesions (85 patients).
|
N = 104
|
%
|
|
O-SSA/P
|
67
|
64.4
|
|
InSSA/P
|
37
|
35.6
|
|
|
15
|
14.4
|
|
|
22
|
21.2
|
[Table 2] shows the InSSA/P and O-SSA/P characteristics. In univariate analysis, male sex and presence of a depression were significantly associated with InSSA/Ps (P < 0.001). Median age of the patients tended to be older and tumor size tended to be smaller in InSSA/Ps, but these variables were not statistically significant. Presence of adherent mucous, frequency of occurrence in the right-side colon, a dilated type-II pit pattern, and presence of a varicose microvascular vessel were not different between InSSA/Ps and O-SSA/Ps.
Table 2
Characteristics of InSSA/P and O-SSA/P.
|
InSSA/P
|
O-SSA/P
|
P value
|
|
Gender (%)
|
|
|
24 (82.8)
|
31 (55.4)
|
0.009
|
|
|
5 (17.2)
|
25 (44.6)
|
|
|
Median age (range), years
|
70 (53 – 79)
|
67 (29 – 83)
|
0.071
|
|
Color (%)
|
|
|
15 (40.5)
|
23 (34.3)
|
0.747
|
|
|
17 (45.9)
|
36 (53.7)
|
|
|
|
5 (13.6)
|
8 (12.0)
|
|
|
Adherent mucous (%)
|
|
|
33 (89.1)
|
58 (86.6)
|
0.768
|
|
|
4 (10.9)
|
9 (13.4)
|
|
|
Location (%)
|
|
|
27 (73.0)
|
56 (83.6)
|
0.197
|
|
|
10 (17.0)
|
11 (16.4)
|
|
|
E-II pit pattern[1] (%)
|
|
|
20 (54.1)
|
37 (55.2)
|
0.415
|
|
|
8 (21.6)
|
20 (29.9)
|
|
|
|
9 (24.3)
|
10 (14.9)
|
Spalte 4
|
|
VMV2 (%)
|
|
|
28 (75.7)2
|
39 (58.2)
|
0.053
|
|
|
3 (8.1)
|
19 (28.4)
|
|
|
|
6 (16.2)
|
9 (13.4)
|
|
|
Tumor size, median (range), mm
|
10 (4 – 40)
|
9 (4 – 48)
|
0.534
|
|
Depression (%)
|
|
|
13 (45.9)
|
0 (0.0)
|
< 0.001
|
|
|
24 (54.1)
|
67 (100)
|
|
1 Expanded type II pit pattern 2 Varicose microvascular vessel
[Table 3] shows characteristics of EGT and IGT types. A depression was seen in the EGT types (13/15) but not in the IGT type (0/22). Both EGT and IGT were seen more predominantly in men. Median age of patients with EGT and IGT was 70 and 71 years, respectively. EGT sizes (9 mm) were almost the same as those in IGT (10 mm). Presence of adherent mucous, frequency of occurrence in the right-side colon, E-II pit pattern, VMV, and presence of a depression were visibly similar between the EGT and IGT types.
Table 3
Characteristics of EGT and IGT.
|
InSSA/P
|
EGT
|
IGT
|
P value
|
|
Gender (%)
|
|
|
24 (82.8)
|
10 (83.3)
|
14 (82.4)
|
NS[1]
|
|
|
5 (17.2)
|
2 (16.7)
|
3 (17.6)
|
|
|
Median age (range), years
|
70 (53 – 79)
|
71 (61 – 84)
|
70 (53 – 77)
|
0.237
|
|
Color (%)
|
|
|
15 (40.5)
|
7 (46.7)
|
9 (40.9)
|
0.926
|
|
|
17 (45.9)
|
7 (46.7)
|
11 (50.0)
|
|
|
|
5 (13.6)
|
1 (6.6)
|
2 (9.1)
|
|
|
Adherent mucous (%)
|
|
|
33 (89.1)
|
14 (93.3)
|
19 (86.4)
|
0.633
|
|
|
4 (10.9)
|
1 (6.7)
|
3 (13.6)
|
|
|
Location (%)
|
|
|
56 (83.6)
|
12 (80.0)
|
16 (72.7)
|
0.711
|
|
|
11 (16.4)
|
3 (20.0)
|
6 (27.3)
|
|
|
E-II pit pattern[2] (%)
|
|
|
20 (54.1)
|
10 (66.6)
|
10 (45.5)
|
NS[2]
|
|
|
8 (21.6)
|
3 (20.0)
|
4 (18 1)
|
|
|
|
9 (24.3)
|
2 (14.4)
|
8 (36.4)
|
|
|
VMV2 (%)
|
|
|
28 (75.7)
|
13 (87.4)
|
15 (68.2)
|
NS[2]
|
|
|
3 (8.1)
|
1 (6.3)
|
3 (13.6)
|
|
|
|
6 (16.2)
|
1 (6.3)
|
4 (18.2)
|
|
|
Tumor size, median (range), mm
|
10 (4 – 40)
|
9 (4 – 40)
|
10 (4 – 35)
|
0.963
|
|
Depression (%)
|
|
|
17 (45.9)
|
13 (86.7)
|
0 (0.0)
|
< 0.001
|
|
|
20 (54.1)
|
2 (13.3)
|
22 (100)
|
|
1 not significant
2 Expanded type II pit pattern 2 Varicose microvascular vessel
The detected gene mutations are listed in [Table 4]. A BRAF gene mutation at codon 600 of exon 15 (V600E) was found in six of seven O-SSA/Ps, in all five EGTs, and in all six IGTs; however, KRAS, NRAS, and PIK3CA mutations were not found in O-SSA/Ps, EGT, or IGT.
Table 4
Identification of gene mutation.
|
O-SSA/P (n = 7)
|
EGT (n = 5)
|
IGT (n = 6)
|
|
BRAF codon 600
|
|
|
6 (82.8)
|
5 (100)
|
6 (100)
|
|
|
1 (17.2)
|
0 (0)
|
0 (0)
|
Discussion
Compared with O-SSA/Ps, InSSA/Ps were more predominantly observed in men and in older patients. Therefore, it was thought that InSSA/Ps might have a different pathogenesis from O-SSA/Ps; therefore, we investigated the genetic features of InSSA/Ps and compared them with O-SSA/Ps. However, BRAF codon 600 mutations and KRAS, NRAS, and PIK3CA mutation status were similar between O-SSA/Ps and InSSA/Ps. Therefore, InSSA/Ps were thought to be a subtype of O-SSA/Ps.
The malignant potential of InSSA/Ps remains obscure. However, in our study, because InSSA/Ps have the same subtype as O-SSA/Ps, prevalence of carcinomas in InSSA/Ps does not seem to be exceptional. The rapid progression of carcinoma arising from SSA/Ps has already been suggested [14]
[18]
[19]. Histologically, InSSA/Ps with invagination into the submucosal layer might induce rapid progression to CRCs. There were two case reports regarding carcinoma arising in InSSA/P [20]
[21]. Therefore, we might be able to prevent rapid progression to CRCs by removing InSSA/Ps. InSSA/Ps accounted for 35.6 % of all SSA/Ps in this study. We speculate that inverted growth is a special finding, but is occasionally seen in SSA/Ps. Histologically, InSSA/Ps are defined as lesions with the cellular and tubular characteristics of SSA/Ps that grow in an endophytic manner. A similar phenomenon has been observed in HP and has been referred to as InHPs [12]
[22]. Based on growth pattern classification of InHPs, we categorized InSSA/Ps according to patterns of invasion into EGT and IGT types. All InSSA/Ps were successfully divided into the two growth patterns of EGT and IGT. InHP have been reported to occur predominantly on the right side of the colon and to be relatively large [20]. In this study, we also showed that most InSSAPs were also on the right side of the colon and had a median size of 10 mm. Therefore, we speculate that some reported InHPs can be included as InSSA/Ps. A previous report described that as many as one-third of SSA/Ps could be erroneously classified as innocuous HPs by community gastroenterologists using the NICE classification [23].
In our study, endoscopic characteristics under magnifying colonoscopy of most InSSA/Ps were a dilated type-II pit pattern and irregularly dilated vessels. It has been reported that SSA/Ps were macroscopically either flat (Paris classification 0 – IIa and 0 – IIb) or sessile (Paris classification 0 – Is) [14], whereas the EGT of InSSA/Ps included a depressed area (Paris classification 0 – IIc). From the feature of the depression, an EGT type of InSSA/Ps can be diagnosed endoscopically. Owing to the inverted growth pattern, a depressed area is present in InSSA/P, which could be misdiagnosed as early colorectal neoplasm on using a conventional view. Therefore, it is important to diagnose the EGT of InSSA/Ps. IGT types of InSSA/Ps were the same macroscopic type for O-SSA/Ps. Therefore, it was difficult to diagnose endoscopically IGT types of InSSA/Ps. An endoscopic biopsy is not sufficient to make an accurate diagnosis of InSSA/P because muscularis mucosa and/or submucosal layer is not included with small specimens. Therefore, the final diagnosis of InSSA/Ps depends on the pathological findings of endoscopic en bloc resection [24]. Furthermore, some InSSA/Ps resemble an inverted colonic diverticulum (ICD). Thus, there is a risk of misdiagnosis of InSSA/Ps, particular of the EGT type and, in the case of ICD, endoscopic removal can cause serious complications, such as perforation [25]. A dilated type-II pit pattern and an irregularly dilated vessel could be an endoscopic hallmark of InSSA/Ps, which is different from ICD, which has a normal type-I pit pattern.
This study has some limitations. We identified SSA/P from the pathology reports. Therefore, the results are not representative of all SSA/Ps. However, because we removed all SSA/Ps endoscopically diagnosed in our institute, our results may be reasonable in the context of clinical evaluation of SSA/Ps. The small number of genomic analyses in our investigation appears to be another limitation. Due to the BRAF mutation, endoscopic images, and clinicopathological features, InSSA/Ps are thought to be a subtype of O-SSA/Ps owing to the limited number of genetic analyses performed in our hospital.
Conclusion
Although there are some limitations, more than 30 % of SSAPs were pathologically diagnosed as InSSAPs in our practical endoscopic-resected specimens. Approximately 40 % of InSSAPs were of the EGT type, which has a demarcated depression and is easily diagnosed with endoscopy. Both InSSA/Ps and O-SSA/Ps had a high rate of BRAF mutation. However, there were no genetic findings to assess the malignant potential in InSSAPs in this study due to the limited number of studies performed in our hospital.
