Introduction
Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) require a close clinical and radiological follow-up to detect worrisome features (WF) early, with the risk of dysplasia or adenocarcinoma occurrence. The frequency of malignancy in a surgical series of resected side branch-duct IPMN (BD-IPMN) or in the case of EUS-follow-up is indeed about 20 – 25 % [1]
[2]. On the other hand, symptoms such as pancreas related abdominal pain (PRAP) or recurrent acute pancreatitis (RAP) may occur with a rate varying from 12 % to 67 % of BD-IPMNs in the largest published surgical series [3]
[4]
[5]. However, they are not always associated with WF in MRI or EUS [6] or with evolution towards malignancy [7]. The occurrence of malignancy in patients experiencing such symptoms is still a matter of debate despite surgical series, which suggests an increased risk even in BD-IPMN [8]
[9]. The 2006 and 2012 international consensus [10]
[11] included recurrent pancreatic pain in the indications for surgery for BD-IPMN. Nevertheless, the scientific evidence for such a recommendation could be controversial with regard to the risk linked to pancreatic surgery, particularly pancreatic duodenectomy.
The physiopathology of pancreatic symptoms in the case of BD-IPMN seems to be related to main pancreatic duct (MPD) occlusion by mucin plugs, secreted and coming from the cysts [12]. For this reason, it has been postulated that endoscopic treatment including pancreatic sphincterotomy might be helpful for managing mucinous obstructions. By enlarging the papilla’s orifice, we aimed to suppress or at least significantly decrease the episodes of pancreatic pain. To our knowledge, there are few data about the efficacy of endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) to manage symptomatic IPMN, apart from jaundice, and without WF. The current literature is composed of three small series including a total of six patients [13]
[14]
[15]. This could be of interest to avoid or to postpone a potential surgical resection.
For this reason, we conducted a multicenter retrospective study to evaluate the efficacy of PS, including a long-term follow-up of these patients to document their evolution towards dysplasia or adenocarcinoma.
Patients and methods
This was a retrospective multicenter observational study conducted from January 2005 to December 2016 in four tertiary centers. Each center is considered to be an expert center in the management of IPMN with a large volume of patients. A detailed survey was sent to them in order to record all of their patients treated with endoscopic pancreatic sphincterotomy for painful IPMN without WF. All diagnoses of IPMN had been confirmed in each center for each patient by the association of MRI and EUS showing a communicating cyst.
Population
More specifically, the inclusion criteria were: (i) patients older than 18 years old with BD-IPMN; (ii) follow-up for more than 6 months for IPMN without WF, solid mass or indication for surgery; (iii) suffering from either recurrent pancreatitis or post-prandial abdominal pain (typical characteristics and no associated functional disease), or both; and (iv) treated for this indication by endoscopic pancreatic sphincterotomy. All of the patients had signed an informed consent with regard to the endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) procedure before the procedure was performed.
For each patient, age, sex, medical history, time of follow-up (before and after ES), characteristics of IPMN (location on the pancreatic ducts, number and diameter of the cysts, WF) and of ERCP procedures, clinical success, evolution, and need/indication for surgery were recorded.
Endoscopic procedures
Endoscopic treatment was indicated based on the severity of symptoms with the absence of surgical indications. All of the procedures have been performed on patients under general anesthesia, their position depending on the operator’s preference. Prophylaxis by NSAIDs was administered according to the team’s protocol and current recommendations at the time. Pancreatic ES had to be performed in all of the cases, associated with a biliary sphincterotomy in the case of biliary tree dilation, biological hepatic test abnormality, and cholangitis, or in order to facilitate access to the pancreatic duct. The decision over placing a prophylactic plastic stent was left to the discretion of the endoscopist.
Aims and end points
The primary end point was to assess the efficacy of ES for improving the symptoms of pain related to IPMN. Clinical efficacy was defined as the resolution of PPAP or RAP (total efficacy), or a decrease of more than 50 % of the frequency of the symptoms (partial efficacy), which was calculated based on the number of attacks per year. The follow-up period was at least 12 months and was stopped in the case of surgery (total efficacy), or a decrease of more than 50 % of the frequency of the symptoms (partial efficacy), which was calculated based on the number of attacks per year. The follow-up period was at least 12 months and was stopped in the case of surgery.
The secondary end points were to document the characteristics of these IPMNs and the endoscopic treatment, the need for a second ES, the occurrence of WF or malignancy during follow-up, the need for surgery, and its indications.
Results
The files of 27 patients who underwent ES for symptomatic IPMN without WF or surgical indications between January 2008 and June 2016 were considered. Six were excluded, four because of a lack of data (lost in follow-up), one because it was a pseudocyst with chronic pancreatitis, and one that already had an adenocarcinoma. Finally, 21 patients were included in the study and their data analyzed.
Characteristics of the patients and IPMNs
These data are summarized in [Table 1].
Table 1
Characteristics of patients including demography, symptoms and initial follow-up, and features of the IPMNs.
|
Characteristic
|
|
|
Mean age (range), years
|
66 (45 – 87)
|
|
Sex, n (%)
|
|
|
10; 48 %
|
|
|
11; 52 %
|
|
Symptoms, n (%)
|
|
|
6; 29 %
|
|
|
19; 90 %
|
|
|
5
|
|
Median delay (DG/ES) (range), months
|
24 (1 – 192)
|
|
Initial follow-up, %
|
|
|
81 %
|
|
|
95 %
|
|
|
36 %
|
|
|
45 %
|
|
Type of IPMN, %
|
|
|
0 %
|
|
|
71 %
|
|
|
29 % (MPD < 7 mm)
|
|
Median no. (range) of cysts
|
2 (1 – 10)
|
|
Maximum diameter (range), mm
|
12.7 (5 – 25)
|
|
Cyst location, %
|
|
|
59 %
|
|
|
17 %
|
|
|
24 %
|
AP, acute pancreatitis; DG/ES, diagnosis to endoscopic sphincterotomy; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; EUS, endoscopic ultrasound; CT, computed tomography; IPMN, intrapapillary mucinous neoplasia; MPD, main pancreatic duct.
There were 10 men and 11 women in the study, with a median age of 68 years (range 45 – 87 years). Their symptoms were PPAP in six patients (29 %) and RAP in the 19 others (90 %), five having had severe acute pancreatitis, and four patients having both RAP and PPAP. The median number of attacks was 3 per year (range 2 – 12). The median delay between initial diagnosis of IPMN and ES was 24 months (range 1 – 192 months). The patients were being followed by MRI in 81 % of the cases, EUS in 95 %, CT scan in 36 % or by alternating MRI and EUS in 45 % of them.
The IPMNs involved the side branches of the pancreatic duct in 71 % of the cases, and in 29 % were associated with a Wirsung duct always measuring less than 7 mm. The median number of cysts was 2 (range 1 – 10), the largest one measuring a median of 10.5 mm (range 5 – 25 mm). In 59 % of patients, they were located in the head of the pancreas, in 17 % of patients they were in the body or the tail, and they were multifocal with more than one location in 24 % of the patients. No patient had worrisome features at the time of management.
Endoscopic sphincterotomy: efficacy andcharacteristics
An ERCP including the pancreatic ES was successfully performed in 100 % of the cases. Total efficacy as defined was achieved in 15/21 patients (71 %) and partial efficacy was achieved in 2/21 (10 %). In total, the clinical efficacy rate of ES after one session was 81 % (17/21). In the subgroup of patients with RAP or both (n = 19), the efficacy was 90 % (17/19), against 50 % in the two patients with PPAP.
Regarding the characteristics of the endoscopy, five patients had a pancreas divisum requiring a sphincterotomy of the accessory papilla, and a pre-cut was performed in two cases for difficult cannulation. A biliary ES was also performed in 33 % of the cases, mostly for an associated biliary duct dilatation with biological cholestasis. A prophylaxis with NSAIDs was applied in only 38 % of the patients, especially in the more recent ones, and a plastic stent was left in place at the end of the procedure in 33 % of the cases. There were four post-ERC pancreatitis, none being severe.
Among the patients with primary clinical success (n = 17), one had a late recurrence after 41 months and underwent a second ES session with final success, whereas four have been operated (two for the initial pain despite the ES, two for WF occurrence); 19 % (4/21) of the patients failed after the first attempt of endoscopic treatment. Among them, one had a second procedure including an enlargement ES for stricture, with final success, whereas three patients finally went for surgery. There were no statistically significant differences in the two groups in terms of age, sex, mean follow-up time, and characteristics of IPMN.
The median time of follow-up after ES was 41 months (range 12 – 167 months) and the median total follow-up was 74 months (range 12 – 282 months). The overall final efficacy, after one single endoscopic session including ES or after an additional one (stricture), was 86 % (18/21). The results are summarized in the flow chart ([Fig. 1]).
Fig. 1 Flow chart summarizing the outcomes of patients in terms of response to pancreatic sphincterotomy as well as evolution during follow-up.
Surgical outcomes
In total, seven patients were operated after a median of 15 months of follow-up, 24 % in the group of patients with successful ERCP and in 75 % in the case of failure. The indications for surgery were the initial abdominal pain symptoms in three patients, in two cases, in spite of efficacy of the ES, this decision being made because pain was a worrisome feature for the team; and the appearance of WF in the post-ES follow-up for four patients.
Histopathological analysis of the specimens showed low grade dysplasia in four cases, high grade dysplasia in one case, and there was no dysplasia or metaplasia in two cases, both being surgery indicated for pain. Regarding the 14 patients who have not been operated, none evolved towards adenocarcinoma during the time of follow-up.
Discussion
Symptomatic IPMN with pancreatic symptoms including RAP have been described and may occur in about one-third of patients with BD-IPMNs [16]
[17]. In the recent international consensus [11], pain symptoms related to IPMN have been confirmed as indications for pancreatic surgical resection, consistent with the previous consensus. The rational for such an invasive approach was the risk of evolution towards malignancy. Indeed, classically, those patients with symptomatic IPMNs, even without any worrisome features on radiology (MRI or EUS), should undergo a pancreatectomy at least involving the part of the pancreas containing the largest side branch (SB) cyst.
However, there is very little evidence in the literature to support these recommendations, reported in two surgical series [8]
[9]. Consequently, one could consider there are some “nuances” to add to that statement. First, among the symptoms related to BD-IPMNs, only jaundice has clearly been linked to a higher risk for malignancy [18]
[19]
[20]. Second, some studies have suggested that, in the case of multifocal cysts, even in the case of resection of the main cyst, the efficacy on symptoms is questionable. Third, it seemed to us that such a severe and invasive surgery has to be really discussed and that ERCP may have a place to control the symptoms before surgery, in the case of absence of worrisome features.
Consequently, in the present multicenter study, we aimed to clearly assess for the first time the efficacy of ERCP with PS in the management of IPMNs with pancreatic symptoms without worrisome features. Our second objective was to answer the question about the risk of malignancy after a long-term follow-up in such symptomatic patients.
First, the efficacy rate of ES looks high, since it reached 81 % after one single session, and 86 % after a second session, usually indicated for a stenosis of the papillary orifice. Moreover, the procedures were safe, since there was no severe post-ERCP pancreatitis, even if NSAIDs were not systematically administered before the procedure. Also, interestingly, only one patient had a recurrence due to a benign pancreatic stricture managed endoscopically, and none have been operated for symptom recurrence, after a mean follow-up of almost 5 years. Clearly, none of the patients had main duct involvement (diameter > 10 mm) or any worrisome feature, which would have indicated a surgical approach, consistent with the international guidelines. These results bring new and important information about the benefits of endoscopic treatment in the case of side branch IPMN with pancreatic symptoms, since there are no data in the current literature.
With regard to the evolution of these patients and the need for surgery, it is important to note that, in our series, no patients developed adenocarcinoma during a total follow-up of 103 months. Moreover, the indications for surgery were always the appearance of worrisome features (mural node or abrupt size increase) during the EUS follow-up, apart from one that was indicated for failure of endoscopic management. All of these patients (n = 5) were effectively found with dysplasia on specimen analysis. On the other hand, focusing on the two patients who had undergone pancreatectomy for their initial symptoms, despite the efficacy of the ES, they were operated erroneously since there was neither dysplasia nor metaplasia on histological analysis of their specimens.
In conclusion, ES for symptomatic IPMN without WF is a valuable therapeutic option, which is safe and completely effective in 70 % of cases. It may allow unnecessary or early pancreatectomy to be avoided in patients who will not eventually have dysplasia or risk of malignancy. A symptomatic IPMN without jaundice does not seem to be a valuable indication for surgery, since no patients developed cancer after a follow-up greater than 5 years.
