Harninkontinenz bei geriatrischen Patienten, Diagnostik und Therapie

Arbeitsgruppe Inkontinenz der DGG (Autoren in alphabetischer Ordnung): Klaus Becher, Barbara Bojack, Sigrid Ege, Silke von der Heide, Ruth Kirschner-Hermanns, Andreas Wiedemann. Federführende Gesellschaft: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Geriatrie

doi:10.1055/a-0852-4842

Aktuelle Urologie, Inhaltsverzeichnis

Aktuelle Urol 2019; 50(S 01): s11-s59
DOI: 10.1055/a-0852-4842

S2e-Leitlinie

Harninkontinenz bei geriatrischen Patienten, Diagnostik und Therapie

Urinary incontinence in geriatric patients: diagnosis and therapy

Autoren

Arbeitsgruppe Inkontinenz der DGG (Autoren in alphabetischer Ordnung): Klaus Becher, Barbara Bojack, Sigrid Ege, Silke von der Heide, Ruth Kirschner-Hermanns, Andreas Wiedemann. Federführende Gesellschaft: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Geriatrie

Abstract

Volltext

Referenzen

Literatur
1 Butler RN, Maby JI, Montella JM. et al. Urinary incontinence: keys to diagnosis of the older woman. 1. Geriatrics 1999; 54: 22-30
2 Tunn R, Gauruder-Burmester A, Leder D. [Urinary and fecal incontinence in the aged from gynecologic proctologic viewpoint]. Urologe A 2005; 44: 81-88
3 Abrams P. Describing bladder storage function: overactive bladder syndrome and detrusor overactivity. Urology 2003; 62: 28-37
4 Abrams P, Cardozo L, Fall M. et al. The standardisation of terminology in lower urinary tract function: report from the standardisation sub-committee of the International Continence Society. Urology 2003; 61: 37-49
5 Fitzgerald MP, Jaffar J, Brubaker L. Risk factors for an elevated postvoid residual urine volume in women with symptoms of urinary urgency, frequency and urge incontience. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 2001; 12: 237-239
6 Satoh W, Nakada T. Characteristics of circadian change in urinary frequency, bladder capacity and residual urine volume in elderly men with lower urinary tract symptoms. Nurs Health Sci 1999; 1: 125-129
7 Williams MP, Wallhagen M, Dowling G. Urinary retention in hospitalized elderly women. J Gerontol Nurs 1993; 19: 7-14
8 Pregazzi R, Sartore A, Bortoli P. et al. Perineal ultrasound evaluation of urethral angle and bladder neck mobility in women with stress urinary incontinence. BJOG 2002; 109: 821-827
9 Yang JM, Huang WC. Discrimination of bladder disorders in female lower urinary tract symptoms on ultrasonographic cystourethrography. J Ultrasound Med 2002; 21: 1249-1255
10 Albertsen PC, Hanley JA, Gleason DF. et al. Competing risk analysis of men aged 55 to 74 years at diagnosis managed conservatively for clinically localized prostate cancer. JAMA 1998; 280: 975-980
11 Collins GN, Martin PJ, Wynn-Davies A. et al. The effect of digital rectal examination, flexible cystoscopy and prostatic biopsy on free and total prostate specific antigen, and the free-to-total prostate specific antigen ratio in clinical practice. J Urol 1997; 157: 1744-1747
12 Engeler DS, Baranowski AP, Dinis-Oliveira P. et al. The 2013 EAU guidelines on chronic pelvic pain: is management of chronic pelvic pain a habit, a philosophy, or a science? 10 years of development. Eur Urol 2013; 64: 431-439
13 van de Merwe JP, Nordling J, Bouchelouche P. et al. Diagnostic criteria, classification, and nomenclature for painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis: an ESSIC proposal. Eur Urol 2008; 53: 60-67
14 Rais-Bahrami S, Friedlander JI, Herati AS. et al. Symptom profile variability of interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome by age. BJU Int 2012; 109: 1356-1359
15 Hanno PM, Burks DA, Clemens JQ. et al. AUA guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome. J Urol 2011; 185: 2162-2170
16 Hanno PM, Landis JR, Matthews-Cook Y. et al. The diagnosis of interstitial cystitis revisited: lessons learned from the National Institutes of Health Interstitial Cystitis Database study. J Urol 1999; 161: 553-557
17 Homma Y, Ueda T, Tomoe H. et al. Clinical guidelines for interstitial cystitis and hypersensitive bladder syndrome. Int J Urol 2009; 16: 597-615
18 Mahendru AA, Al-Taher H. Cystodistension: certainly no standards and possibly no benefits--survey of UK practice. Int Urogynecol J 2010; 21: 135-139
19 Nordling J, Anjum FH, Bade JJ. et al. Primary evaluation of patients suspected of having interstitial cystitis (IC). Eur Urol 2004; 45: 662-669
20 Turner KJ, Stewart LH. How do you stretch a bladder? A survey of UK practice, a literature review, and a recommendation of a standard approach. Neurourol Urodyn 2005; 24: 74-76
21 Holtedahl K, Verelst M, Schiefloe A. et al. Usefulness of urodynamic examination in female urinary incontinence--lessons from a population-based, randomized, controlled study of conservative treatment. Scand J Urol Nephrol 2000; 34: 169-174
22 McClish DK, Fantl JA, Wyman JF. et al. Bladder training in older women with urinary incontinence: relationship between outcome and changes in urodynamic observations. Obstet Gynecol 1991; 77: 281-286
23 Ouslander JG, Schnelle JF, Uman G. et al. Predictors of successful prompted voiding among incontinent nursing home residents. JAMA 1995; 273: 1366-1370
24 Rosier PF, Szabo L, Capewell A. et al. Executive summary: The International Consultation on Incontinence 2008--Committee on: “Dynamic Testing“; for urinary or fecal incontinence. Part 2: Urodynamic testing in male patients with symptoms of urinary incontinence, in patients with relevant neurological abnormalities, and in children and in frail elderly with symptoms of urinary incontinence. Neurourol Urodyn 2010; 29: 146-152
25 Resnick NM, Yalla SV, Laurino E. The pathophysiology of urinary incontinence among institutionalized elderly persons. N Engl J Med 1989; 320: 1-7
26 Griffiths D, Hofner K, van Mastrigt R. et al. Standardization of terminology of lower urinary tract function: pressure-flow studies of voiding, urethral resistance, and urethral obstruction. International Continence Society Subcommittee on Standardization of Terminology of Pressure-Flow Studies. Neurourol Urodyn 1997; 16: 1-18
27 Ege S. [Management of urinary incontinence in a geriatric rehabilitation department : Global urinary incontinence assessment incorporating the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnare - Urinary Incontinence Short Form (ICIQ-UI SF)]. Z Gerontol Geriatr 2017; 51: 301-313
28 Wagg A, Gibson W, Ostaszkiewicz J. et al. Urinary incontinence in frail elderly persons: Report from the 5th International Consultation on Incontinence. Neurourol Urodyn 2015; 34: 398-406
29 Lukacz ES, Santiago-Lastra Y, Albo ME. et al. Urinary Incontinence in Women: A Review. JAMA 2017; 318: 1592-1604
30 Schnelle JF, Smith RL. Quality indicators for the management of urinary incontinence in vulnerable community-dwelling elders. Ann Intern Med 2001; 135: 752-758
31 DuBeau CE, Levy B, Mangione CM. et al. The impact of urge urinary incontinence on quality of life: importance of patients' perspective and explanatory style. J Am Geriatr Soc 1998; 46: 683-692
32 Nambiar AK, Bosch R, Cruz F. et al. EAU Guidelines on Assessment and Nonsurgical Management of Urinary Incontinence. Eur Urol 2018; 73: 596-609
33 https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Con_Kelleher/publication/46721048_Chapter_5A_Initial_assessment_of_urinary_and_faecal_incontinence_in_adult_male_and_female_patients/links/0deec51b23e329cdb8000000/Chapter-5A-Initial-assessment-of-urinary-and-faecal-incontinence-in-adult-male-and-female-patients.pdf
34 Thomas-White KJ, Kliethermes S, Rickey L. et al. Evaluation of the urinary microbiota of women with uncomplicated stress urinary incontinence. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2017; 55: e1-e16
35 Lukacz ES. Urinary Incontinence in Women: A Review. JAMA 2017; 24: 1592-1604
36 Abrams P, Cardozo L, Wein A. Fourth international consultation on incontinence-research society 2013. Neurourol Urodyn 2014; 33: 571-572
37 Guidelines. Incontinence specific quality of life scales. 2013 www.niceorguk/guidance/CG171
38 Brown JS, Bradley CS, Subak LL. et al. The sensitivity and specificity of a simple test to distinguish between urge and stress urinary incontinence. Ann Intern Med 2006; 144: 715-723
39 Pleil AM, Coyne KS, Reese PR. et al. The validation of patient-rated global assessments of treatment benefit, satisfaction, and willingness to continue--the BSW. Value Health 2005; 8 (Suppl. 01) S25-34
40 Jimenez MA, Cambronero J. Validation of the Spanish version of the questionnaire <<Benefit, satisfaction and willingness to continue the treatment>> in patients with overactive bladder. Actas Urol Esp 2013; 37: 473-479
41 Colman S, Chapple C, Nitti V. et al. Validation of treatment benefit scale for assessing subjective outcomes in treatment of overactive bladder. Urology 2008; 72: 803-807
42 Reisenauer C, Muche-Borowski C, Anthuber C. et al. Interdisciplinary S2e Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Stress Urinary Incontinence in Women: Short version - AWMF Registry No. 015-005, July 2013. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2013; 73: 899-903
43 Schulte-Baukloh H, Weiss C, Schobert J. et al. [Subjective patient satisfaction after injection of botulinum-a toxin in detrusor overactivity]. Aktuelle Urol 2005; 36: 230-233
44 Dowling-Castronovo A, Specht JK. How to try this: Assessment of transient urinary incontinence in older adults. Am J Nurs 2009; 109: 62-71 ; quiz 2.
45 Han YK, Lee WK, Lee SH. et al. Effect of desmopressin with anticholinergics in female patients with overactive bladder. Korean J Urol 2011; 52: 396-400
46 Avery K, Donovan J, Peters TJ. et al. ICIQ: a brief and robust measure for evaluating the symptoms and impact of urinary incontinence. Neurourol Urodyn 2004; 23: 322-330
47 Sirls LT, Tennstedt S, Brubaker L. et al. The minimum important difference for the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Urinary Incontinence Short Form in women with stress urinary incontinence. Neurourol Urodyn 2015; 34: 183-187
48 Kelleher CJ, Cardozo LD, Khullar V. et al. A new questionnaire to assess the quality of life of urinary incontinent women. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1997; 104: 1374-1379
49 Wagner TH, Patrick DL, Galer BS. et al. A new instrument to assess the long-term quality of life effects from migraine: development and psychometric testing of the MSQOL. Headache 1996; 36: 484-492
50 Uebersax JS, Wyman JF, Shumaker SA. et al. Short forms to assess life quality and symptom distress for urinary incontinence in women: the Incontinence Impact Questionnaire and the Urogenital Distress Inventory. Continence Program for Women Research Group. Neurourol Urodyn 1995; 14: 131-139
51 Dumoulin C, Morin M, Mayrand MH. et al. Group physiotherapy compared to individual physiotherapy to treat urinary incontinence in aging women: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2017; 18: 544
52 Tarlov AR, Ware Jr JE, Greenfield S. et al. The Medical Outcomes Study. An application of methods for monitoring the results of medical care. JAMA 1989; 262: 925-930
53 EuroQol G. EuroQol--a new facility for the measurement of health-related quality of life. Health Policy 1990; 16: 199-208
54 Yalcin I, Bump RC. Validation of two global impression questionnaires for incontinence. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003; 189: 98-101
55 Viktrup L, Hayes RP, Wang P. et al. Construct validation of patient global impression of severity (PGI-S) and improvement (PGI-I) questionnaires in the treatment of men with lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia. BMC Urol 2012; 12: 30
56 Bradley CS, Rahn DD, Nygaard IE. et al. The questionnaire for urinary incontinence diagnosis (QUID): validity and responsiveness to change in women undergoing non-surgical therapies for treatment of stress predominant urinary incontinence. Neurourol Urodyn 2010; 29: 727-734
57 Bradley CS, Rovner ES, Morgan MA. et al. A new questionnaire for urinary incontinence diagnosis in women: development and testing. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005; 192: 66-73
58 Khullar V, Espuna-Pons M, Marschall-Kehrel D. et al. Clinical value of a patient-reported goal-attainment measure: the global development of self-assessment goal achievement (SAGA) questionnaire for patients with lower urinary tract symptoms. Neurourol Urodyn 2014; 33: 90-94
59 Gallucci M, Puppo P, Perachino M. et al. Transurethral electrovaporization of the prostate vs. transurethral resection. Results of a multicentric, randomized clinical study on 150 patients. Eur Urol 1998; 33: 359-364
60 Zwergel U, Wullich B, Lindenmeir U. et al. Long-term results following transurethral resection of the prostate. Eur Urol 1998; 33: 476-480
61 Hashimoto H, Tsugawa M, Nasu Y. et al. [A comparative study of a thick and standard loop in transurethral resection of the prostate]. Hinyokika Kiyo 1999; 45: 397-401
62 Miskowiak J, Frost J. [Blood loss during transurethral resection of the prostate]. Ugeskr Laeger 1996; 158: 3924-3927
63 Uchida T, Ohori M, Soh S. et al. Factors influencing morbidity in patients undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate. Urology 1999; 53: 98-105
64 Kirollos MM, Campbell N. Factors influencing blood loss in transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP): auditing TURP. Br J Urol 1997; 80: 111-115
65 Cattolica EV, Sidney S, Sadler MC. The safety of transurethral prostatectomy: a cohort study of mortality in 9,416 men. J Urol 1997; 158: 102-104
66 Balslev JJ, Seidelin C, Petersen F. et al. Does old age contraindicate TURP. Eur Urol 1997; 31: 281-285
67 Matani Y, Mottrie AM, Stockle M. et al. Transurethral prostatectomy: a long-term follow-up study of 166 patients over 80 years of age. Eur Urol 1996; 30: 414-417
68 Brierly RD, Mostafid AH, Kontothanassis D. et al. Is transurethral resection of the prostate safe and effective in the over 80-year-old?. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2001; 83: 50-53
69 Ding Y, Zhang SG, Wu Y. [Perioperative treatment of senile benign prostatic hyperplasia patients undergoing transurethral electrovaporization of prostate]. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue 2008; 14: 920-922
70 Li A, Lu H, Liu S. et al. Effect of ageing on the efficacy efficiency of TUVRP. Aging Male 2012; 15: 263-266
71 Hargreave TB, Heynes CF, Kendrick SW. et al. Mortality after transurethral and open prostatectomy in Scotland. Br J Urol 1996; 77: 547-553
72 Luttwak Z, Lask D, Abarbanel J. et al. Transvesical prostatectomy in elderly patients. J Urol 1997; 157: 2210-2211
73 Reich O, Bachmann A, Siebels M. et al. High power (80 W) potassium-titanyl-phosphate laser vaporization of the prostate in 66 high risk patients. J Urol 2005; 173: 158-160
74 Sandhu JS, Ng CK, Gonzalez RR. et al. Photoselective laser vaporization prostatectomy in men receiving anticoagulants. J Endourol 2005; 19: 1196-1198
75 Morozov AP, Morozov AA. [Photoselective vaporization in treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia in elderly and senile men]. Urologiia 2012; 74-77
76 Bachmann A, Tubaro A, Barber N. et al. 180-W XPS GreenLight laser vaporisation versus transurethral resection of the prostate for the treatment of benign prostatic obstruction: 6-month safety and efficacy results of a European Multicentre Randomised Trial--the GOLIATH study. Eur Urol 2014; 65: 931-942
77 Thomas JA, Tubaro A, Barber N. et al. A Multicenter Randomized Noninferiority Trial Comparing GreenLight-XPS Laser Vaporization of the Prostate and Transurethral Resection of the Prostate for the Treatment of Benign Prostatic Obstruction: Two-yr Outcomes of the GOLIATH Study. Eur Urol 2016; 69: 94-102
78 Liu CL, Xue DW, Liu YL. et al. [Greenlight photoselective vaporization prostatectomy versus thulium laser vaporesection of the prostate for aged high-risk BPH patients with the prostate heavier than 80 g]. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue 2011; 17: 431-434
79 Mansfield KJ, Chandran JJ, Vaux KJ. et al. Comparison of receptor binding characteristics of commonly used muscarinic antagonists in human bladder detrusor and mucosa. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009; 328: 893-899
80 Mansfield KJ, Liu L, Mitchelson FJ. et al. Muscarinic receptor subtypes in human bladder detrusor and mucosa, studied by radioligand binding and quantitative competitive RT-PCR: changes in ageing. Br J Pharmacol 2005; 144: 1089-1099
81 Hesch K. Agents for treatment of overactive bladder: a therapeutic class review. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent) 2007; 20: 307-214
82 Manjunatha R, Pundarikaksha HP, Hanumantharaju BK. et al. A prospective, comparative study of the occurrence and severity of constipation with darifenacin and trospium in overactive bladder. J Clin Diagn Res 2015; 9: FC05-9
83 Elbadawi A, Yalla SV, Resnick NM. Structural basis of geriatric voiding dysfunction. II. Aging detrusor: normal versus impaired contractility. J Urol 1993; 150: 1657-1667
84 Haab F, Stewart L, Dwyer P. Darifenacin, an M3 selective receptor antagonist, is an effective and well-tolerated once-daily treatment for overactive bladder. Eur Urol 2004; 45: 420-429
85 Zinner N, Susset J, Gittelman M. et al. Efficacy, tolerability and safety of darifenacin, an M(3) selective receptor antagonist: an investigation of warning time in patients with OAB. Int J Clin Pract 2006; 60: 119-126
86 Zinner N, Tuttle J, Marks L. Efficacy and tolerability of darifenacin, a muscarinic M3 selective receptor antagonist (M3 SRA), compared with oxybutynin in the treatment of patients with overactive bladder. World J Urol 2005; 23: 248-252
87 Hill S, Khullar V, Wyndaele JJ. et al. Dose response with darifenacin, a novel once-daily M3 selective receptor antagonist for the treatment of overactive bladder: results of a fixed dose study. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 2006; 17: 239-247
88 Sand PK, Morrow JD, Bavendam T. et al. Efficacy and tolerability of fesoterodine in women with overactive bladder. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 2009; 20: 827-835
89 Kaplan SA, Roehrborn CG, Gong J. et al. Add-on fesoterodine for residual storage symptoms suggestive of overactive bladder in men receiving alpha-blocker treatment for lower urinary tract symptoms. BJU Int 2012; 109: 1831-1840
90 Staskin D, Khullar V, Michel MC. et al. Effects of voluntary dose escalation in a placebo-controlled, flexible-dose trial of fesoterodine in subjects with overactive bladder. Neurourol Urodyn 2011; 30: 1480-1485
91 Kaplan SA, Schneider T, Foote JE. et al. Superior efficacy of fesoterodine over tolterodine extended release with rapid onset: a prospective, head-to-head, placebo-controlled trial. BJU Int 2011; 107: 1432-1440
92 van Kerrebroeck PE, Heesakkers J, Berriman S. et al. Long-term safety, tolerability and efficacy of fesoterodine treatment in subjects with overactive bladder symptoms. Int J Clin Pract 2010; 64: 584-593
93 Gajewski JB, Awad SA. Oxybutynin versus propantheline in patients with multiple sclerosis and detrusor hyperreflexia. J Urol 1986; 135: 966-968
94 Holmes DM, Montz FJ, Stanton SL. Oxybutinin versus propantheline in the management of detrusor instability. A patient-regulated variable dose trial. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1989; 96: 607-612
95 Moisey CU, Stephenson TP, Brendler CB. The urodynamic and subjective results of treatment of detrusor instability with oxybutynin chloride. Br J Urol 1980; 52: 472-475
96 Tapp AJ, Cardozo LD, Versi E. et al. The treatment of detrusor instability in post-menopausal women with oxybutynin chloride: a double blind placebo controlled study. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1990; 97: 521-526
97 Thompson IM, Lauvetz R. Oxybutynin in bladder spasm, neurogenic bladder, and enuresis. Urology 1976; 8: 452-454
98 Thuroff JW, Bunke B, Ebner A. et al. Randomized, double-blind, multicenter trial on treatment of frequency, urgency and incontinence related to detrusor hyperactivity: oxybutynin versus propantheline versus placebo. J Urol 1991; 145: 813-816
99 Zorzitto ML, Holliday PJ, Jewett MA. et al. Oxybutynin chloride for geriatric urinary dysfunction: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Age Ageing 1989; 18: 195-200
100 Sathyan G, Chancellor MB, Gupta SK. Effect of OROS controlled-release delivery on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oxybutynin chloride. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2001; 52: 409-417
101 Appell RA, Sand P, Dmochowski R. et al. Prospective randomized controlled trial of extended-release oxybutynin chloride and tolterodine tartrate in the treatment of overactive bladder: results of the OBJECT Study. Mayo Clin Proc 2001; 76: 358-363
102 Barkin J, Corcos J, Radomski S. et al. A randomized, double-blind, parallel-group comparison of controlled- and immediate-release oxybutynin chloride in urge urinary incontinence. Clin Ther 2004; 26: 1026-1036
103 MacDiarmid SA, Anderson RU, Armstrong RB. et al. Efficacy and safety of extended release oxybutynin for the treatment of urge incontinence: an analysis of data from 3 flexible dosing studies. J Urol 2005; 174: 1301-1305
104 Corcos J, Casey R, Patrick A. et al. A double-blind randomized dose-response study comparing daily doses of 5, 10 and 15 mg controlled-release oxybutynin: balancing efficacy with severity of dry mouth. BJU Int 2006; 97: 520-527
105 Anderson RU, MacDiarmid S, Kell S. et al. Effectiveness and tolerability of extended-release oxybutynin vs extended-release tolterodine in women with or without prior anticholinergic treatment for overactive bladder. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 2006; 17: 502-511
106 Sand P, Zinner N, Newman D. et al. Oxybutynin transdermal system improves the quality of life in adults with overactive bladder: a multicentre, community-based, randomized study. BJU Int 2007; 99: 836-844
107 Dmochowski RR, Nitti V, Staskin D. et al. Transdermal oxybutynin in the treatment of adults with overactive bladder: combined results of two randomized clinical trials. World J Urol 2005; 23: 263-270
108 Dmochowski RR, Davila GW, Zinner NR. et al. Efficacy and safety of transdermal oxybutynin in patients with urge and mixed urinary incontinence. J Urol 2002; 168: 580-586
109 Mazur D, Gocking K, Wehnert J. et al. [Clinical and urodynamic effects of oral propiverine therapy in neurogenic urinary incontinence. A multicenter study for optimizing dosage]. Urologe A 1994; 33: 447-452
110 Voigt R, Halaska M, Voigt P. et al. [Experience with the conservative treatment of incontinence using the anticholinergic agent propiverin (Mictonorm)]. Cesk Gynekol 1988; 53: 180-184
111 Wehnert J, Sage S. [Comparative studies of the effect of mictonorm (propiverin hydrochloride) and Spasuret (flavoxate hydrochloride) on the bladder detrusor muscle]. Z Urol Nephrol 1989; 82: 259-263
112 Dorschner W, Stolzenburg JU, Griebenow R. et al. Efficacy and cardiac safety of propiverine in elderly patients - a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study. Eur Urol 2000; 37: 702-708
113 Junemann KP, Halaska M, Rittstein T. et al. Propiverine versus tolterodine: efficacy and tolerability in patients with overactive bladder. Eur Urol 2005; 48: 478-482
114 Junemann KP, Hessdorfer E, Unamba-Oparah I. et al. Propiverine hydrochloride immediate and extended release: comparison of efficacy and tolerability in patients with overactive bladder. Urol Int 2006; 77: 334-339
115 Abrams P, Cardozo L, Chapple C. et al. Comparison of the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of propiverine and oxybutynin for the treatment of overactive bladder syndrome. Int J Urol 2006; 13: 692-698
116 Lee KS, Lee HW, Choo MS. et al. Urinary urgency outcomes after propiverine treatment for an overactive bladder: the ‘Propiverine study on overactive bladder including urgency data’. BJU Int 2010; 105: 1565-15670
117 Cardozo L, Lisec M, Millard R. et al. Randomized, double-blind placebo controlled trial of the once daily antimuscarinic agent solifenacin succinate in patients with overactive bladder. J Urol 2004; 172: 1919-1924
118 Cardozo L, Hessdorfer E, Milani R. et al. Solifenacin in the treatment of urgency and other symptoms of overactive bladder: results from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, rising-dose trial. BJU Int 2008; 102: 1120-1127
119 Metello J, Nogueira B, Torgal M. et al. Comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of solifenacin succinate with or without previous use of trospium chloride. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 2007; 18: 1021-1025
120 Staskin DR, Te AE. Short- and long-term efficacy of solifenacin treatment in patients with symptoms of mixed urinary incontinence. BJU Int 2006; 97: 1256-1261
121 Chapple CR, Martinez-Garcia R, Selvaggi L. et al. A comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of solifenacin succinate and extended release tolterodine at treating overactive bladder syndrome: results of the STAR trial. Eur Urol 2005; 48: 464-470
122 Chapple CR, Rechberger T, Al-Shukri S. et al. Randomized, double-blind placebo- and tolterodine-controlled trial of the once-daily antimuscarinic agent solifenacin in patients with symptomatic overactive bladder. BJU Int 2004; 93: 303-310
123 Oreskovic S, But I, Banovic M. et al. The efficacy and safety of solifenacin in patients with overactive bladder syndrome. Coll Antropol 2012; 36: 243-248
124 Herschorn S, Heesakkers J, Castro-Diaz D. et al. Effects of tolterodine extended release on patient perception of bladder condition and overactive bladder symptoms. Curr Med Res Opin 2008; 24: 3513-3521
125 Ho CH, Chang TC, Lin HH. et al. Solifenacin and tolterodine are equally effective in the treatment of overactive bladder symptoms. J Formos Med Assoc 2010; 109: 702-708
126 Karram MM, Toglia MR, Serels SR. et al. Treatment with solifenacin increases warning time and improves symptoms of overactive bladder: results from VENUS, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Urology 2009; 73: 14-18
127 Nilvebrant L, Hallen B, Larsson G. Tolterodine--a new bladder selective muscarinic receptor antagonist: preclinical pharmacological and clinical data. Life Sci 1997; 60: 1129-1136
128 Stahl MM, Ekstrom B, Sparf B. et al. Urodynamic and other effects of tolterodine: a novel antimuscarinic drug for the treatment of detrusor overactivity. Neurourol Urodyn 1995; 14: 647-655
129 Drutz HP, Appell RA, Gleason D. et al. Clinical efficacy and safety of tolterodine compared to oxybutynin and placebo in patients with overactive bladder. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 1999; 10: 283-289
130 Jonas U, Hofner K, Madersbacher H. et al. Efficacy and safety of two doses of tolterodine versus placebo in patients with detrusor overactivity and symptoms of frequency, urge incontinence, and urgency: urodynamic evaluation. The International Study Group. World J Urol 1997; 15: 144-151
131 Homma Y, Paick JS, Lee JG. et al. Clinical efficacy and tolerability of extended-release tolterodine and immediate-release oxybutynin in Japanese and Korean patients with an overactive bladder: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. BJU Int 2003; 92: 741-747
132 van Kerrebroeck PE, Kelleher CJ, Coyne KS. et al. Correlations among improvements in urgency urinary incontinence, health-related quality of life, and perception of bladder-related problems in incontinent subjects with overactive bladder treated with tolterodine or placebo. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2009; 7: 13
133 Kaplan SA, Roehrborn CG, Dmochowski R. et al. Tolterodine extended release improves overactive bladder symptoms in men with overactive bladder and nocturia. Urology 2006; 68: 328-332
134 Madersbacher H, Stohrer M, Richter R. et al. Trospium chloride versus oxybutynin: a randomized, double-blind, multicentre trial in the treatment of detrusor hyper-reflexia. Br J Urol 1995; 75: 452-456
135 Stohrer M, Bauer P, Giannetti BM. et al. Effect of trospium chloride on urodynamic parameters in patients with detrusor hyperreflexia due to spinal cord injuries. A multicentre placebo-controlled double-blind trial. Urol Int 1991; 47: 138-143
136 Madersbacher H, Stohrer M, Richter R. et al. [High-dose trospium chloride in therapy of detrusor hyperreflexia]. Urologe A 1991; 30: 260-263
137 Cardozo L, Chapple CR, Toozs-Hobson P. et al. Efficacy of trospium chloride in patients with detrusor instability: a placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind, multicentre clinical trial. BJU Int 2000; 85: 659-664
138 Zinner N, Gittelman M, Harris R. et al. Trospium chloride improves overactive bladder symptoms: a multicenter phase III trial. J Urol 2004; 171: 2311-2315 , quiz.
139 Rudy D, Cline K, Harris R. et al. Multicenter phase III trial studying trospium chloride in patients with overactive bladder. Urology 2006; 67: 275-280
140 Dmochowski RR, Sand PK, Zinner NR. et al. Trospium 60 mg once daily (QD) for overactive bladder syndrome: results from a placebo-controlled interventional study. Urology 2008; 71: 449-454
141 Sand PK, Dmochowski RR, Zinner NR. et al. Trospium chloride extended release is effective and well tolerated in women with overactive bladder syndrome. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 2009; 20: 1431-1438
142 Zinner NR, Dmochowski RR, Staskin DR. et al. Once-daily trospium chloride 60 mg extended-release provides effective, long-term relief of overactive bladder syndrome symptoms. Neurourol Urodyn 2011; 30: 1214-1219
143 Nabi G, Cody JD, Ellis G. et al. Anticholinergic drugs versus placebo for overactive bladder syndrome in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; CD003781
144 Lee YS, Choo MS, Lee JY. et al. Symptom change after discontinuation of successful antimuscarinic treatment in patients with overactive bladder symptoms: a randomised, multicentre trial. Int J Clin Pract 2011; 65: 997-1004
145 Malone-Lee JG, Al-Buheissi S. Does urodynamic verification of overactive bladder determine treatment success? Results from a randomized placebo-controlled study. BJU Int 2009; 103: 931-937
146 Nitti VW, Rovner ES, Bavendam T. Response to fesoterodine in patients with an overactive bladder and urgency urinary incontinence is independent of the urodynamic finding of detrusor overactivity. BJU Int 2010; 105: 1268-1275
147 Harvey MA, Baker K, Wells GA. Tolterodine versus oxybutynin in the treatment of urge urinary incontinence: a meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001; 185: 56-61
148 Herschorn S, Pommerville P, Stothers L. et al. Tolerability of solifenacin and oxybutynin immediate release in older (> 65 years) and younger (≤ 65 years) patients with overactive bladder: sub-analysis from a Canadian, randomized, double-blind study. Curr Med Res Opin 2011; 27: 375-382
149 Meek PD, Evang SD, Tadrous M. et al. Overactive bladder drugs and constipation: a meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Dig Dis Sci 2011; 56: 7-18
150 Halaska M, Ralph G, Wiedemann A. et al. Controlled, double-blind, multicentre clinical trial to investigate long-term tolerability and efficacy of trospium chloride in patients with detrusor instability. World J Urol 2003; 20: 392-399
151 Callegari E, Malhotra B, Bungay PJ. et al. A comprehensive non-clinical evaluation of the CNS penetration potential of antimuscarinic agents for the treatment of overactive bladder. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2011; 72: 235-246
152 Oelke M, Becher K, Castro-Diaz D. et al. Appropriateness of oral drugs for long-term treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms in older persons: results of a systematic literature review and international consensus validation process (LUTS-FORTA 2014). Age Ageing 2015; 44: 745-755
153 Pietzko A, Dimpfel W, Schwantes U. et al. Influences of trospium chloride and oxybutynin on quantitative EEG in healthy volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1994; 47: 337-343
154 Todorova A, Vonderheid-Guth B, Dimpfel W. Effects of tolterodine, trospium chloride, and oxybutynin on the central nervous system. J Clin Pharmacol 2001; 41: 636-644
155 Diefenbach K, Arold G, Wollny A. et al. Effects on sleep of anticholinergics used for overactive bladder treatment in healthy volunteers aged > or = 50 years. BJU Int 2005; 95: 346-349
156 Diefenbach K, Donath F, Maurer A. et al. Randomised, double-blind study of the effects of oxybutynin, tolterodine, trospium chloride and placebo on sleep in healthy young volunteers. Clin Drug Investig 2003; 23: 395-404
157 Hughes KM, Lang JC, Lazare R. et al. Measurement of oxybutynin and its N-desethyl metabolite in plasma, and its application to pharmacokinetic studies in young, elderly and frail elderly volunteers. Xenobiotica 1992; 22: 859-869
158 Kay G, Crook T, Rekeda L. et al. Differential effects of the antimuscarinic agents darifenacin and oxybutynin ER on memory in older subjects. Eur Urol 2006; 50: 317-326
159 Lipton RB, Kolodner K, Wesnes K. Assessment of cognitive function of the elderly population: effects of darifenacin. J Urol 2005; 173: 493-498
160 Staskin D, Kay G, Tannenbaum C. et al. Trospium chloride is undetectable in the older human central nervous system. J Am Geriatr Soc 2010; 58: 1618-1619
161 Staskin DR, Harnett MD. Effect of trospium chloride on somnolence and sleepiness in patients with overactive bladder. Curr Urol Rep 2004; 5: 423-426
162 Wagg A, Dale M, Tretter R. et al. Randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled, double-blind crossover study investigating the effect of solifenacin and oxybutynin in elderly people with mild cognitive impairment: the SENIOR study. Eur Urol 2013; 64: 74-81
163 Wagg A, Khullar V, Michel MC. et al. Long-term safety, tolerability and efficacy of flexible-dose fesoterodine in elderly patients with overactive bladder: open-label extension of the SOFIA trial. Neurourol Urodyn 2014; 33: 106-114
164 Wagg A, Khullar V, Marschall-Kehrel D. et al. Flexible-dose fesoterodine in elderly adults with overactive bladder: results of the randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of fesoterodine in an aging population trial. J Am Geriatr Soc 2013; 61: 185-193
165 Ouslander JG, Schnelle JF, Uman G. et al. Does oxybutynin add to the effectiveness of prompted voiding for urinary incontinence among nursing home residents? A placebo-controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc 1995; 43: 610-617
166 Goode PS, Burgio KL, Locher JL. et al. Urodynamic changes associated with behavioral and drug treatment of urge incontinence in older women. J Am Geriatr Soc 2002; 50: 808-816
167 van Ermengem E. Classics in infectious diseases. A new anaerobic bacillus and its relation to botulism. Rev Infect Dis 1979; 1: 701-719 Originally published as „Ueber einen neuen anaeroben Bacillus und seine Beziehungen zum Botulismus“. Zeitschrift fur Hygiene und Infektionskrankheiten 26: 1-56, 1897
168 Duchen LW. Motor nerve growth induced by botulinum toxin as a regenerative phenomenon. Proc R Soc Med 1972; 65: 196-197
169 Chancellor MB, Fowler CJ, Apostolidis A. et al. Drug Insight: biological effects of botulinum toxin A in the lower urinary tract. Nat Clin Pract Urol 2008; 5: 319-328
170 Giannantoni A, Di Stasi SM, Nardicchi V. et al. Botulinum-A toxin injections into the detrusor muscle decrease nerve growth factor bladder tissue levels in patients with neurogenic detrusor overactivity. J Urol 2006; 175: 2341-2344
171 Lucioni A, Bales GT, Lotan TL. et al. Botulinum toxin type A inhibits sensory neuropeptide release in rat bladder models of acute injury and chronic inflammation. BJU Int 2008; 101: 366-370
172 Schulte-Baukloh H, Weiss C, Stolze T. et al. Botulinum-A toxin for treatment of overactive bladder without detrusor overactivity: urodynamic outcome and patient satisfaction. Urology 2005; 66: 82-87
173 Antunes AA, Srougi M, Coelho RF. et al. Botulinum toxin for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic hyperplasia. Nat Clin Pract Urol 2007; 4: 155-160
174 Maria G, Brisinda G, Civello IM. et al. Relief by botulinum toxin of voiding dysfunction due to benign prostatic hyperplasia: results of a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Urology 2003; 62: 259-264
175 Wein AJ, Rackley RR. Overactive bladder: a better understanding of pathophysiology, diagnosis and management. J Urol 2006; 175: S5-10
176 Schurch B, Hauri D, Largo M. et al. [Effects of Botulinum A Toxin on the periurethral striated sphincter of the neurogenic bladder. Preliminary study]. J Urol (Paris) 1990; 96: 375-380
177 Smith CP, Radziszewski P, Borkowski A. et al. Botulinum toxin a has antinociceptive effects in treating interstitial cystitis. Urology 2004; 64: 871-875
178 Lekka E, Lee LK. Successful treatment with intradetrusor Botulinum-A toxin for urethral urinary leakage (catheter bypassing) in patients with end-staged multiple sclerosis and indwelling suprapubic catheters. Eur Urol 2006; 50: 806-809
179 Cohen BL, Barboglio P, Rodriguez D. et al. Preliminary results of a dose-finding study for botulinum toxin-A in patients with idiopathic overactive bladder: 100 versus 150 units. Neurourol Urodyn 2009; 28: 205-208
180 Karsenty G, Baverstock R, Carlson K. et al. Technical aspects of botulinum toxin type A injection in the bladder to treat urinary incontinence: reviewing the procedure. Int J Clin Pract 2014; 68: 731-742
181 Duthie J, Wilson DI, Herbison GP. et al. Botulinum toxin injections for adults with overactive bladder syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007; CD005493
182 Sahai A, Khan MS, Le Gall N. et al. Urodynamic assessment of poor responders after botulinum toxin-A treatment for overactive bladder. Urology 2008; 71: 455-459
183 Karsenty G, Elzayat E, Delapparent T. et al. Botulinum toxin type a injections into the trigone to treat idiopathic overactive bladder do not induce vesicoureteral reflux. J Urol 2007; 177: 1011-1014
184 Kuo HC. Comparison of effectiveness of detrusor, suburothelial and bladder base injections of botulinum toxin a for idiopathic detrusor overactivity. J Urol 2007; 178: 1359-1363
185 Safari S, Jamali S, Habibollahi P. et al. Intravesical injections of botulinum toxin type A for management of neuropathic bladder: a comparison of two methods. Urology 2010; 76: 225-230
186 Frohme C, Varga Z, Olbert P. et al. [Effects of botulinum toxin type A in the single and repeated treatment of overactive bladder. A prospective analysis]. Urologe A 2010; 49: 639-644
187 Gaillet S, Bardot P, Bernuz B. et al. Five years follow-up study and failures analysis of Botulinum toxin repeated injections to treat neurogenic detrusor overactivity. Prog Urol 2012; 22: 1064-1070
188 Ghalayini IF, Al-Ghazo MA. Intradetrusor injection of botulinum-A toxin in patients with idiopathic and neurogenic detrusor overactivity: urodynamic outcome and patient satisfaction. Neurourol Urodyn 2007; 26: 531-536
189 Krhut J, Kopecky J. [Intra-detrusor injection of botulinumtoxin in patients with refractory overactive bladder]. Ceska Gynekol 2007; 72: 402-406
190 Krivoborodov GG, Vasil'ev AV, Shumilo DV. et al. [Botulinum toxin type A in patients with overactive bladder]. Urologiia 2010; 36-40
191 Kuo HC. Urodynamic evidence of effectiveness of botulinum A toxin injection in treatment of detrusor overactivity refractory to anticholinergic agents. Urology 2004; 63: 868-872
192 Kuschel S, Werner M, Schmid DM. et al. Botulinum toxin-A for idiopathic overactivity of the vesical detrusor: a 2-year follow-up. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 2008; 19: 905-909
193 Neugart F, Groh R, Gotz T. et al. [Injections of botulinum toxin a into the detrusor vesicae for treatment of refractory detrusor hyperactivity in non-neurological patients]. Aktuelle Urol 2006; 37: 212-217
194 Petrou SP, Parker AS, Crook JE. et al. Botulinum a toxin/dimethyl sulfoxide bladder instillations for women with refractory idiopathic detrusor overactivity: a phase 1/2 study. Mayo Clin Proc 2009; 84: 702-706
195 Sahai A, Khan MS, Dasgupta P. Efficacy of botulinum toxin-A for treating idiopathic detrusor overactivity: results from a single center, randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial. J Urol 2007; 177: 2231-2236
196 Schmid DM, Sauermann P, Werner M. et al. Experience with 100 cases treated with botulinum-A toxin injections in the detrusor muscle for idiopathic overactive bladder syndrome refractory to anticholinergics. J Urol 2006; 176: 177-185
197 Werner M, Schmid DM, Schussler B. Efficacy of botulinum-A toxin in the treatment of detrusor overactivity incontinence: a prospective nonrandomized study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005; 192: 1735-1740
198 Mohee A, Khan A, Harris N. et al. Long-term outcome of the use of intravesical botulinum toxin for the treatment of overactive bladder (OAB). BJU Int 2012; 111: 106-113
199 Rovner E, Kennelly M, Schulte-Baukloh H. et al. Urodynamic results and clinical outcomes with intradetrusor injections of onabotulinumtoxinA in a randomized, placebo-controlled dose-finding study in idiopathic overactive bladder. Neurourol Urodyn 2011; 30: 556-562
200 Fowler CJ, Auerbach S, Ginsberg D. et al. OnabotulinumtoxinA improves health-related quality of life in patients with urinary incontinence due to idiopathic overactive bladder: a 36-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, dose-ranging trial. Eur Urol 2012; 62: 148-157
201 Sahai A, Dowson C, Khan MS. et al. Improvement in quality of life after botulinum toxin-A injections for idiopathic detrusor overactivity: results from a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. BJU Int 2009; 103: 1509-1515
202 Cohen BL, Caruso DJ, Kanagarajah P. et al. Predictors of response to intradetrusor botulinum toxin-A injections in patients with idiopathic overactive bladder. Adv Urol 2009;
203 White WM, Pickens RB, Doggweiler R. et al. Short-term efficacy of botulinum toxin a for refractory overactive bladder in the elderly population. J Urol 2008; 180: 2522-2526
204 Jeffery S, Fynes M, Lee F. et al. Efficacy and complications of intradetrusor injection with botulinum toxin A in patients with refractory idiopathic detrusor overactivity. BJU Int 2007; 100: 1302-1306
205 Dowson C, Watkins J, Khan MS. et al. Repeated botulinum toxin type A injections for refractory overactive bladder: medium-term outcomes, safety profile, and discontinuation rates. Eur Urol 2012; 61: 834-839
206 Kuo HC, Liao CH, Chung SD. Adverse events of intravesical botulinum toxin a injections for idiopathic detrusor overactivity: risk factors and influence on treatment outcome. Eur Urol 2010; 58: 919-926
207 Miotla P, Cartwright R, Skorupska K. et al. Urinary retention in female OAB after intravesical Botox injection: who is really at risk?. Int Urogynecol J 2017; 28: 845-850
208 Chapple C, Khullar V, Nitti VW. et al. Efficacy of the beta3-adrenoceptor Agonist Mirabegron for the Treatment of Overactive Bladder by Severity of Incontinence at Baseline: A Post Hoc Analysis of Pooled Data from Three Randomised Phase 3 Trials. Eur Urol 2014; 67: 11-14
209 Chapple CR, Kaplan SA, Mitcheson D. et al. Randomized double-blind, active-controlled phase 3 study to assess 12-month safety and efficacy of mirabegron, a beta(3)-adrenoceptor agonist, in overactive bladder. Eur Urol 2013; 63: 296-305
210 Herschorn S, Barkin J, Castro-Diaz D. et al. A phase III, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled, multicentre study to assess the efficacy and safety of the beta(3) adrenoceptor agonist, mirabegron, in patients with symptoms of overactive bladder. Urology 2013; 82: 313-320
211 Nitti VW, Chapple CR, Walters C. et al. Safety and tolerability of the beta3 -adrenoceptor agonist mirabegron, for the treatment of overactive bladder: results of a prospective pooled analysis of three 12-week randomised Phase III trials and of a 1-year randomised Phase III trial. Int J Clin Pract 2014; 68: 972-985
212 Wagg A, Cardozo L, Nitti VW. et al. The efficacy and tolerability of the beta3-adrenoceptor agonist mirabegron for the treatment of symptoms of overactive bladder in older patients. Age Ageing 2014; 43: 666-675
213 Sussman D, Yehoshua A, Kowalski J. et al. Adherence and persistence of mirabegron and anticholinergic therapies in patients with overactive bladder: a real-world claims data analysis. Int J Clin Pract 2017;
214 Alcantara-Montero A. Combined treatment of solifenacin and mirabegron, an alternative in patients with overactive bladder (BESIDE study). Actas Urol Esp 2016; 40: 593-594
215 Abrams P, Kelleher C, Staskin D. et al. Combination treatment with mirabegron and solifenacin in patients with overactive bladder: exploratory responder analyses of efficacy and evaluation of patient-reported outcomes from a randomized, double-blind, factorial, dose-ranging, Phase II study (SYMPHONY). World J Urol 2017; 35: 827-838
216 Abrams P, Kelleher C, Staskin D. et al. Combination Treatment with Mirabegron and Solifenacin in Patients with Overactive Bladder: Efficacy and Safety Results from a Randomised, Double-blind, Dose-ranging, Phase 2 Study (Symphony). Eur Urol 2015; 67: 577-588
217 Lee J, Moy S, Meijer J. et al. Role of cytochrome p450 isoenzymes 3A and 2D6 in the in vivo metabolism of mirabegron, a beta3-adrenoceptor agonist. Clin Drug Investig 2013; 33: 429-440
218 Groen-Wijnberg M, van Dijk J, Krauwinkel W. et al. Pharmacokinetic Interactions Between Mirabegron and Metformin, Warfarin, Digoxin or Combined Oral Contraceptives. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2017; 42: 417-429
219 Krauwinkel W, van Dijk J, Schaddelee M. et al. Pharmacokinetic properties of mirabegron, a beta3-adrenoceptor agonist: results from two phase I, randomized, multiple-dose studies in healthy young and elderly men and women. Clin Ther 2012; 34: 2144-2160
220 Gibson W, MacDiarmid S, Huang M. et al. Treating Overactive Bladder in Older Patients with a Combination of Mirabegron and Solifenacin: A Prespecified Analysis from the BESIDE Study. Eur Urol Focus 2017; 3: 629-638
221 Norton PA, Zinner NR, Yalcin I. et al. Duloxetine versus placebo in the treatment of stress urinary incontinence. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002; 187: 40-48
222 Dmochowski RR, Miklos JR, Norton PA. et al. Duloxetine versus placebo for the treatment of North American women with stress urinary incontinence. J Urol 2003; 170: 1259-1263
223 van Kerrebroeck P, Abrams P, Lange R. et al. Duloxetine versus placebo in the treatment of European and Canadian women with stress urinary incontinence. BJOG 2004; 111: 249-257
224 Cardozo L, Drutz HP, Baygani SK. et al. Pharmacological treatment of women awaiting surgery for stress urinary incontinence. Obstet Gynecol 2004; 104: 511-519
225 Ghoniem GM, Van Leeuwen JS, Elser DM. et al. A randomized controlled trial of duloxetine alone, pelvic floor muscle training alone, combined treatment and no active treatment in women with stress urinary incontinence. J Urol 2005; 173: 1647-1653
226 Robinson D, Abrams P, Cardozo L. et al. The efficacy and safety of PSD503 (phenylephrine 20%, w/w) for topical application in women with stress urinary incontinence. A phase II, multicentre, double-blind, placebo controlled, 2-way cross over study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2011; 159: 457-460
227 Lucas MG, Stephenson TP, Nargund V. Tamsulosin in the management of patients in acute urinary retention from benign prostatic hyperplasia. BJU Int 2005; 95: 354-357
228 Agrawal MS, Yadav A, Yadav H. et al. A prospective randomized study comparing alfuzosin and tamsulosin in the management of patients suffering from acute urinary retention caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia. Indian J Urol 2009; 25: 474-478
229 Bhomi KK, Bhattachan CL. Factors predicting the success of a trial without catheter in acute urinary retention secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia. Nepal Med Coll J 2011; 13: 178-181
230 Kim HL, Kim JC, Benson DA. et al. Results of treatment with tamsulosin in men with acute urinary retention. Tech Urol 2001; 7: 256-260
231 Rasner PI, Pushkar D. [Administration of two uroselective alpha-adrenoblockers in pharmacological treatment of acute urinary retention in patients with prostatic adenoma]. Urologiia 2009; 30-34
232 Zeif HJ, Subramonian K. Alpha blockers prior to removal of a catheter for acute urinary retention in adult men. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009; CD006744
233 Chapple CR. Selective alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonists in benign prostatic hyperplasia: rationale and clinical experience. Eur Urol 1996; 29: 129-144
234 The Italian Alfuzosin Cooperative Group. Multicenter observational trial on symptomatic treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia with alfuzosin: clinical evaluation of impact on patient's quality of life. Eur Urol 1995; 27: 128-134
235 Buzelin JM, Hebert M, Blondin P. Alpha-blocking treatment with alfuzosin in symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia: comparative study with prazosin. The PRAZALF Group. Br J Urol 1993; 72: 922-927
236 Jardin A, Bensadoun H, Delauche-Cavallier MC. et al. Long-term treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia with alfuzosin: a 12-18 month assessment. BPHALF Group. Br J Urol 1993; 72: 615-620
237 Jardin A, Bensadoun H, Delauche-Cavallier MC. et al. Long-term treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia with alfuzosin: a 24-30 month survey. BPHALF Group. Br J Urol 1994; 74: 579-584
238 Lukacs B, McCarthy C, Grange JC. Long-term quality of life in patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy: preliminary results of a cohort survey of 7,093 patients treated with an alpha-1-adrenergic blocker, alfuzosin. QOL BPH Study Group in General Practice. Eur Urol 1993; 24 (Suppl. 01) 34-40
239 Martelli A, Pacifico P, Casadei G. Effect of alfuzosin on quality of life in benign prostatic hyperplasia patients: preliminary results. Italian Alfuzosin Co-Operative Group. Eur Urol 1993; 24 (Suppl. 01) 28-33
240 Martorana G, Giberti C, Di Silverio F. et al. Effects of short-term treatment with the alpha 1-blocker alfuzosin on urodynamic pressure/flow parameters in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Eur Urol 1997; 32: 47-53
241 Schulman CC, De Sy W, Vandendris M. et al. Belgian multicenter clinical study of alfuzosin, a selective alpha 1-blocker, in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. The Alfuzosin Belgian Group. Acta Urol Belg 1994; 62: 15-21
242 Bendix Holme J, Christensen MM, Rasmussen PC. et al. 29-week doxazosin treatment in patients with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia. A double-blind placebo-controlled study. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1994; 28: 77-82
243 Chapple CR, Carter P, Christmas TJ. et al. A three month double-blind study of doxazosin as treatment for benign prostatic bladder outlet obstruction. Br J Urol 1994; 74: 50-56
244 Christensen MM, Bendix Holme J, Rasmussen PC. et al. Doxazosin treatment in patients with prostatic obstruction. A double-blind placebo-controlled study. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1993; 27: 39-44
245 Fawzy A, Braun K, Lewis GP. et al. Doxazosin in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia in normotensive patients: a multicenter study. J Urol 1995; 154: 105-109
246 Gillenwater JY, Conn RL, Chrysant SG. et al. Doxazosin for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia in patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response multicenter study. J Urol 1995; 154: 110-115
247 Abrams P, Schulman CC, Vaage S. Tamsulosin, a selective alpha 1c-adrenoceptor antagonist: a randomized, controlled trial in patients with benign prostatic 'obstruction' (symptomatic BPH). The European Tamsulosin Study Group. Br J Urol 1995; 76: 325-336
248 Chapple CR, Wyndaele JJ, Nordling J. et al. Tamsulosin, the first prostate-selective alpha 1A-adrenoceptor antagonist. A meta-analysis of two randomized, placebo-controlled, multicentre studies in patients with benign prostatic obstruction (symptomatic BPH). European Tamsulosin Study Group. Eur Urol 1996; 29: 155-167
249 Dong Z, Wang Z, Yang K. et al. Tamsulosin versus terazosin for benign prostatic hyperplasia: a systematic review. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2009; 55: 129-136
250 Lee HS, Kim SW, Oh SJ. et al. Efficacy and safety of tamsulosin for treating lower urinary tract symptoms associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia: a multicenter, randomized, controlled, open-label non-inferiority study. Korean J Urol 2012; 53: 178-183
251 Masumori N, Tsukamoto T, Horita H. et al. alpha1-blocker tamsulosin as initial treatment for patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia: 5-year outcome analysis of a prospective multicenter study. Int J Urol 2013; 20: 421-428
252 Oelke M, Giuliano F, Mirone V. et al. Monotherapy with tadalafil or tamsulosin similarly improved lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia in an international, randomised, parallel, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Eur Urol 2012; 61: 917-925
253 Ren RM, Kou M, Lan XX. Efficacy and safety of tamsulosin for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: a meta analysis. Chin Med J (Engl) 2010; 123: 234-238
254 Schulman CC, Cortvriend J, Jonas U. et al. Tamsulosin, the first prostate-selective alpha 1A-adrenoceptor antagonist. Analysis of a multinational, multicentre, open-label study assessing the long-term efficacy and safety in patients with benign prostatic obstruction (symptomatic BPH). European Tamsulosin Study Group. Eur Urol 1996; 29: 145-154
255 Karadag E, Oner S, Budak YU. et al. Randomized crossover comparison of tamsulosin and alfuzosin in patients with urinary disturbances caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia. Int Urol Nephrol 2011; 43: 949-954
256 Brawer MK, Adams G, Epstein H. Terazosin in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Terazosin Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Study Group. Arch Fam Med 1993; 2: 929-935
257 Elhilali MM, Ramsey EW, Barkin J. et al. A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of terazosin in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urology 1996; 47: 335-342
258 Lepor H, Machi G. The relative efficacy of terazosin versus terazosin and flutamide for the treatment of symptomatic BPH. Prostate 1992; 20: 89-95
259 Lepor H, Williford WO, Barry MJ. et al. The efficacy of terazosin, finasteride, or both in benign prostatic hyperplasia. Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Study Group. N Engl J Med 1996; 335: 533-539
260 Roehrborn CG, Oesterling JE, Auerbach S. et al. The Hytrin Community Assessment Trial study: a one-year study of terazosin versus placebo in the treatment of men with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia. HYCAT Investigator Group. Urology 1996; 47: 159-168
261 Chapple CR, Montorsi F, Tammela TL. et al. Silodosin therapy for lower urinary tract symptoms in men with suspected benign prostatic hyperplasia: results of an international, randomized, double-blind, placebo- and active-controlled clinical trial performed in Europe. Eur Urol 2011; 59: 342-352
262 Martin DJ, Lluel P, Guillot E. et al. Comparative alpha-1 adrenoceptor subtype selectivity and functional uroselectivity of alpha-1 adrenoceptor antagonists. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1997; 282: 228-235
263 Novara G, Tubaro A, Sanseverino R. et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials evaluating silodosin in the treatment of non-neurogenic male lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic enlargement. World J Urol 2013; 31: 997-1008
264 Watanabe T, Ozono S, Kageyama S. A randomized crossover study comparing patient preference for tamsulosin and silodosin in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Int Med Res 2011; 39: 129-142
265 Nickel JC, Sander S, Moon TD. A meta-analysis of the vascular-related safety profile and efficacy of alpha-adrenergic blockers for symptoms related to benign prostatic hyperplasia. Int J Clin Pract 2008; 62: 1547-1559
266 Abdel-Aziz S, Mamalis N. Intraoperative floppy iris syndrome. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2009; 20: 37-41
267 Chang DF, Braga-Mele R, Mamalis N. et al. ASCRS White Paper: clinical review of intraoperative floppy-iris syndrome. J Cataract Refract Surg 2008; 34: 2153-2162
268 Tufan HA, Gencer B, Kara S. et al. Alterations in iris structure and pupil size related to alpha-1 adrenergic receptor antagonists use: implications for floppy iris syndrome. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2013; 29: 410-413
269 Cantrell MA, Bream-Rouwenhorst HR, Steffensmeier A. et al. Intraoperative floppy iris syndrome associated with alpha1-adrenergic receptor antagonists. Ann Pharmacother 2008; 42: 558-563
270 Chang SJ, Chiang IN, Yu HJ. The effectiveness of tamsulosin in treating women with voiding difficulty. Int J Urol 2008; 15: 981-985
271 Costantini E, Lazzeri M, Bini V. et al. Open-label, longitudinal study of tamsulosin for functional bladder outlet obstruction in women. Urol Int 2009; 83: 311-315
272 Kakizaki H, Ameda K, Kobayashi S. et al. Urodynamic effects of alpha1-blocker tamsulosin on voiding dysfunction in patients with neurogenic bladder. Int J Urol 2003; 10: 576-581
273 Lee KS, Han DH, Lee YS. et al. Efficacy and safety of tamsulosin for the treatment of non-neurogenic voiding dysfunction in females: a 8-week prospective study. J Korean Med Sci 2010; 25: 117-122
274 Meyer LE, Brown JN. Tamsulosin for voiding dysfunction in women. Int Urol Nephrol 2012; 44: 1649-1656
275 Pischedda A, Pirozzi FarinaF, Madonia M. et al. Use of alpha1-blockers in female functional bladder neck obstruction. Urol Int 2005; 74: 256-261
276 Stankovich E, Borisov VV, Demina TL. [Tamsulosin in the treatment of detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia of the urinary bladder in patients with multiple sclerosis]. Urologiia 2004; 48-51
277 Robinson D, Cardozo L, Terpstra G. et al. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled multicentre study to explore the efficacy and safety of tamsulosin and tolterodine in women with overactive bladder syndrome. BJU Int 2007; 100: 840-845
278 Finkbeiner AE. Is bethanechol chloride clinically effective in promoting bladder emptying? A literature review. J Urol 1985; 134: 443-449
279 Barendrecht MM, Oelke M, Laguna MP. et al. Is the use of parasympathomimetics for treating an underactive urinary bladder evidence-based?. BJU Int 2007; 99: 749-752
280 Steendam CM, Vincent HH, Kastelijn EA. [Neurological complications caused by desmopressin in adults with nocturia]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2011; 155: A3273
281 Sand PK, Dmochowski RR, Reddy J. et al. Efficacy and safety of low dose desmopressin orally disintegrating tablet in women with nocturia: results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled, parallel group study. J Urol 2013; 190: 958-964
282 Weiss JP, Herschorn S, Albei CD. et al. Efficacy and safety of low dose desmopressin orally disintegrating tablet in men with nocturia: results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled, parallel group study. J Urol 2013; 190: 965-972
283 Johnson 2nd TM, Miller M, Tang T. et al. Oral ddAVP for nighttime urinary incontinence in characterized nursing home residents: a pilot study. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2006; 7: 6-11
284 Castro LA, Sobottka W, Baretta G. et al. Effects of bariatric surgery on pelvic floor function. Arq Bras Cir Dig 2012; 25: 263-268
285 Whitcomb EL, Horgan S, Donohue MC. et al. Impact of surgically induced weight loss on pelvic floor disorders. Int Urogynecol J 2012; 23: 1111-1116
286 Subak LL, Wing R, West DS. et al. Weight loss to treat urinary incontinence in overweight and obese women. N Engl J Med 2009; 360: 481-490
287 Hirayama F, Lee AH. Is caffeine intake associated with urinary incontinence in Japanese adults?. J Prev Med Public Health 2012; 45: 204-208
288 Swithinbank L, Hashim H, Abrams P. The effect of fluid intake on urinary symptoms in women. J Urol 2005; 174: 187-189
289 Townsend MK, Resnick NM, Grodstein F. Caffeine intake and risk of urinary incontinence progression among women. Obstet Gynecol 2012; 119: 950-957
290 Davis NJ, Vaughan CP, Johnson TM. et al. Caffeine intake and its association with urinary incontinence in United States men: results from National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2005-2006 and 2007-2008. J Urol 2013; 189: 2170-2174
291 Gleason JL, Richter HE, Redden DT. et al. Caffeine and urinary incontinence in US women. Int Urogynecol J 2013; 24: 295-302
292 Bryant CM, Dowell CJ, Fairbrother G. Caffeine reduction education to improve urinary symptoms. Br J Nurs 2002; 11: 560-565
293 Townsend MK, Jura YH, Curhan GC. et al. Fluid intake and risk of stress, urgency, and mixed urinary incontinence. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011; 205: 73 e1-6
294 Zimmern P, Litman HJ, Mueller E. et al. Effect of fluid management on fluid intake and urge incontinence in a trial for overactive bladder in women. BJU Int 2010; 105: 1680-1685
295 Hashim H, Abrams P. How should patients with an overactive bladder manipulate their fluid intake?. BJU Int 2008; 102: 62-66
296 Ekundayo OJ. The association between overactive bladder and diuretic use in the elderly. Curr Urol Rep 2009; 10: 434-440
297 Ekundayo OJ, Markland A, Lefante C. et al. Association of diuretic use and overactive bladder syndrome in older adults: a propensity score analysis. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2009; 49: 64-68
298 Costantini E, Lazzeri M, Zucchi A. et al. Urgency, detrusor overactivity and posterior vault prolapse in women who underwent pelvic organ prolapse repair. Urol Int 2013; 90: 168-173
299 Akl MN, Jacob K, Klauschie J. et al. The effect of rectal distension on bladder function in patients with overactive bladder. Neurourol Urodyn 2012; 31: 541-543
300 Panayi DC, Khullar V, Digesu GA. et al. Rectal distension: the effect on bladder function. Neurourol Urodyn 2011; 30: 344-347
301 Dallosso HM, Matthews RJ, McGrother CW. et al. The association of diet and other lifestyle factors with the onset of overactive bladder: a longitudinal study in men. Public Health Nutr 2004; 7: 885-891
302 Ebbesen MH, Hannestad YS, Midthjell K. et al. Diabetes and urinary incontinence - prevalence data from Norway. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2007; 86: 1256-1262
303 Ebbesen MH, Hannestad YS, Midthjell K. et al. Diabetes related risk factors did not explain the increased risk for urinary incontinence among women with diabetes. The Norwegian HUNT/EPINCONT study. BMC Urol 2009; 9: 11
304 Tahtinen RM, Auvinen A, Cartwright R. et al. Smoking and bladder symptoms in women. Obstet Gynecol 2011; 118: 643-648
305 Fuganti PE, Gowdy JM, Santiago NC. Obesity and smoking: are they modulators of cough intravesical peak pressure in stress urinary incontinence?. Int Braz J Urol 2011; 37: 528-533
306 Kim H, Suzuki T, Yoshida Y. et al. Effectiveness of multidimensional exercises for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence in elderly community-dwelling Japanese women: a randomized, controlled, crossover trial. J Am Geriatr Soc 2007; 55: 1932-1939
307 Kim H, Yoshida H, Suzuki T. The effects of multidimensional exercise treatment on community-dwelling elderly Japanese women with stress, urge, and mixed urinary incontinence: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Nurs Stud 2011; 48: 1165-1172
308 McFall SL, Yerkes AM, Cowan LD. Outcomes of a small group educational intervention for urinary incontinence: episodes of incontinence and other urinary symptoms. J Aging Health 2000; 12: 250-267
309 Schnelle JF, Alessi CA, Simmons SF. et al. Translating clinical research into practice: a randomized controlled trial of exercise and incontinence care with nursing home residents. J Am Geriatr Soc 2002; 50: 1476-1483
310 Schnelle JF, Leung FW, Rao SS. et al. A controlled trial of an intervention to improve urinary and fecal incontinence and constipation. J Am Geriatr Soc 2010; 58: 1504-11
311 Sherburn M, Bird M, Carey M. et al. Incontinence improves in older women after intensive pelvic floor muscle training: an assessor-blinded randomized controlled trial. Neurourol Urodyn 2011; 30: 317-324
312 van Houten P, Achterberg W, Ribbe M. Urinary incontinence in disabled elderly women: a randomized clinical trial on the effect of training mobility and toileting skills to achieve independent toileting. Gerontology 2007; 53: 205-210
313 Vinsnes AG, Helbostad JL, Nyronning S. et al. Effect of physical training on urinary incontinence: a randomized parallel group trial in nursing homes. Clin Interv Aging 2012; 7: 45-50
314 Herbison P, Plevnik S, Mantle J. Weighted vaginal cones for urinary incontinence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002; CD002114
315 Rai BP, Cody JD, Alhasso A. et al. Anticholinergic drugs versus non-drug active therapies for non-neurogenic overactive bladder syndrome in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; 12: CD003193
316 Burgio KL, Locher JL, Goode PS. et al. Behavioral vs drug treatment for urge urinary incontinence in older women: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1998; 280: 1995-2000
317 Balmforth JR, Mantle J, Bidmead J. et al. A prospective observational trial of pelvic floor muscle training for female stress urinary incontinence. BJU Int 2006; 98: 811-817
318 Hay-Smith J, Herderschee R, Dumoulin C. et al. Comparisons of approaches to pelvic floor muscle training for urinary incontinence in women: an abridged Cochrane systematic review. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med 2012; 48: 689-705
319 Miller JM, shton-Miller JA, DeLancey JO. A pelvic muscle precontraction can reduce cough-related urine loss in selected women with mild SUI. J Am Geriatr Soc 1998; 46: 870-874
320 Talasz H, Gosch M, Enzelsberger H. et al. [Female geriatric patients with urinary incontinence symptoms and their control over pelvic floor muscles]. Z Gerontol Geriatr 2005; 38: 424-430
321 Bo K. Adherence to pelvic floor muscle exercise and long-term effect on stress urinary incontinence. A five-year follow-up study. Scand J Med Sci Sports 1995; 5: 36-39
322 Bo K, Talseth T. Long-term effect of pelvic floor muscle exercise 5 years after cessation of organized training. Obstet Gynecol 1996; 87: 261-265
323 Kondo A, Yamada Y, Niijima R. Treatment of stress incontinence by vaginal cones: short- and long-term results and predictive parameters. Br J Urol 1995; 76: 464-466
324 Weinberger MW, Goodman BM, Carnes M. Long-term efficacy of nonsurgical urinary incontinence treatment in elderly women. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 1999; 54: M117-M21
325 Cammu H, Van Nylen M, Amy JJ. A 10-year follow-up after Kegel pelvic floor muscle exercises for genuine stress incontinence. BJU Int 2000; 85: 655-658
326 Bo K, Talseth T, Holme I. Single blind, randomised controlled trial of pelvic floor exercises, electrical stimulation, vaginal cones, and no treatment in management of genuine stress incontinence in women. BMJ 1999; 318: 487-493
327 Zanetti MR, Castro RA, Rotta AL. et al. Impact of supervised physiotherapeutic pelvic floor exercises for treating female stress urinary incontinence. Sao Paulo Med J 2007; 125: 265-269
328 Felicissimo MF, Carneiro MM, Saleme CS. et al. Intensive supervised versus unsupervised pelvic floor muscle training for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence: a randomized comparative trial. Int Urogynecol J 2010; 21: 835-840
329 Sriboonreung T, Wongtra-ngan S, Eungpinichpong W. et al. Effectiveness of pelvic floor muscle training in incontinent women at Maharaj Nakorn Chiang Mai Hospital: a randomized controlled trial. J Med Assoc Thai 2011; 94: 1-7
330 Klarskov P, Belving D, Bischoff N. et al. Pelvic floor exercise versus surgery for female urinary stress incontinence. Urol Int 1986; 41: 129-132
331 Dumoulin C, Hay-Smith J, Habee-Seguin GM. et al. Pelvic floor muscle training versus no treatment, or inactive control treatments, for urinary incontinence in women: a short version Cochrane systematic review with meta-analysis. Neurourol Urodyn 2015; 34: 300-308
332 Flynn L, Cell P, Luisi E. Effectiveness of pelvic muscle exercises in reducing urge incontinence among community residing elders. J Gerontol Nurs 1994; 20: 23-27
333 Scheve AA, Engel BT, McCormick KA. et al. Exercise in continence. Geriatr Nurs 1991; 12: 124
334 Pereira VS, Escobar AC, Driusso P. Effects of physical therapy in older women with urinary incontinence: a systematic review. Rev Bras Fisioter 2012; 16: 463-468
335 Tak EC, van Hespen A, van Dommelen P. et al. Does improved functional performance help to reduce urinary incontinence in institutionalized older women? A multicenter randomized clinical trial. BMC Geriatr 2012; 12: 51
336 Berghmans LC, Hendriks HJ, Bo K. et al. Conservative treatment of stress urinary incontinence in women: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Br J Urol 1998; 82: 181-191
337 Eyjolfsdottir H, Ragnarsdottir M, Geirsson G. [Pelvic floor muscle training with and without functional electrical stimulation as treatment for stress urinary incontinence]. Laeknabladid 2009; 95: 575-580 ; quiz 81
338 Burgio KL, Goode PS, Locher JL. et al. Behavioral training with and without biofeedback in the treatment of urge incontinence in older women: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002; 288: 2293-2299
339 Kashanian M, Ali SS, Nazemi M. et al. Evaluation of the effect of pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT or Kegel exercise) and assisted pelvic floor muscle training (APFMT) by a resistance device (Kegelmaster device) on the urinary incontinence in women: a randomized trial. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2011; 159: 218-223
340 Huebner M, Riegel K, Hinninghofen H. et al. Pelvic floor muscle training for stress urinary incontinence: a randomized, controlled trial comparing different conservative therapies. Physiother Res Int 2011; 16: 133-140
341 Bo K. Effect of electrical stimulation on stress and urge urinary incontinence. Clinical outcome and practical recommendations based on randomized controlled trials. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand Suppl 1998; 168: 3-11
342 Kirschner-Hermanns R, Jakse G. [Magnet stimulation therapy: a simple solution for the treatment of stress and urge incontinence?]. Urologe A 2003; 42: 819-822
343 Kirschner-Hermanns R, Jakse G. [Magnetic stimulation of the pelvic floor in older patients. Results of a prospective analysis]. Urologe A 2007; 46: 377-371
344 Unsal A, Saglam R, Cimentepe E. Extracorporeal magnetic stimulation for the treatment of stress and urge incontinence in women--results of 1-year follow-up. Scand J Urol Nephrol 2003; 37: 424-428
345 Chandi DD, Groenendijk PM, Venema PL. Functional extracorporeal magnetic stimulation as a treatment for female urinary incontinence: 'the chair'. BJU Int 2004; 93: 539-542
346 Yokoyama T, Inoue M, Fujita O. et al. Preliminary results of the effect of extracorporeal magnetic stimulation on urinary incontinence after radical prostatectomy: a pilot study. Urol Int 2005; 74: 224-228
347 But I, Faganelj M, Sostaric A. Functional magnetic stimulation for mixed urinary incontinence. J Urol 2005; 173: 1644-1646
348 Voorham-van der Zalm PJ, Pelger RC, Stiggelbout AM. et al. Effects of magnetic stimulation in the treatment of pelvic floor dysfunction. BJU Int 2006; 97: 1035-1038
349 Quek P. A critical review on magnetic stimulation: what is its role in the management of pelvic floor disorders?. Curr Opin Urol 2005; 15: 231-235
350 Omli R, Skotnes LH, Romild U. et al. Pad per day usage, urinary incontinence and urinary tract infections in nursing home residents. Age Ageing 2010; 39: 549-554
351 Dunn S, Kowanko I, Paterson J. et al. Systematic review of the effectiveness of urinary continence products. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs 2002; 29: 129-142
352 Brazzelli M, Shirran E, Vale L. Absorbent products for containing urinary and/or fecal incontinence in adults. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs 2002; 29: 45-54
353 Cottenden AM, Rothwell JG, Leander H. et al. An investigation of the repeatability and reproducibility of ISO 11948-1 (the Rothwell method) for measuring the absorption capacity of incontinence pads. Med Eng Phys 2002; 24: 159-163
354 Pfisterer MH, Johnson 2nd TM, Jenetzky E. et al. Geriatric patients' preferences for treatment of urinary incontinence: a study of hospitalized, cognitively competent adults aged 80 and older. J Am Geriatr Soc 2007; 55: 2016-2022
355 Hebel JR, Warren JW. The use of urethral, condom, and suprapubic catheters in aged nursing home patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 1990; 38: 777-784
356 Ouslander JG, Greengold B, Chen S. Complications of chronic indwelling urinary catheters among male nursing home patients: a prospective study. J Urol 1987; 138: 1191-1195
357 Ouslander JG, Greengold B, Chen S. External catheter use and urinary tract infections among incontinent male nursing home patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 1987; 35: 1063-1070
358 Warren JW. Urethral catheters, condom catheters, and nosocomial urinary tract infections. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1996; 17: 212-214
359 Zimakoff J, Stickler DJ, Pontoppidan B. et al. Bladder management and urinary tract infections in Danish hospitals, nursing homes, and home care: a national prevalence study. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1996; 17: 215-221
360 Stelling JD, Hale AM. Protocol for changing condom catheters in males with spinal cord injury. SCI Nurs 1996; 13: 28-34
361 Saint S, Lipsky BA, Baker PD. et al. Urinary catheters: what type do men and their nurses prefer?. J Am Geriatr Soc 1999; 47: 1453-1457
362 Vapnek JM, Couillard DR, Stone AR. Is sphincterotomy the best management of the spinal cord injured bladder?. J Urol 1994; 151: 961-964
363 Edlich RF, Bailey T, Pine SA. et al. Biomechanical performance of silicone and latex external condom catheters. J Long Term Eff Med Implants 2000; 10: 291-299
364 Gear AJ, Nguyen WD, Bealle MA. et al. Evaluation of a new external condom catheter system. Med Prog Technol 1996; 21: 181-185
365 Campbell K, Woodbury MG, Whittle H. et al. A clinical evaluation of 3M no sting barrier film. Ostomy Wound Manage 2000; 46: 24-30
366 McConnell EA. Applying a condom catheter. Nursing 2001; 31: 70
367 Dwivedi AK, Singh S, Goel A. Massive urethral diverticulum: a complication of condom catheter use. Br J Nurs 2012; 21: S20-22
368 Jeng HS, Wu WJ, Tsai HN. et al. A rare and lethal complication of external collecting device for neuropathic voiding dysfunction--a case report. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2002; 18: 99-101
369 Kawoosa NU. Isolated gangrene of the penis in a paraplegic patient secondary to a condom catheter. Indian J Surg 2011; 73: 304-306
370 Mason SE, DeVilliers P, Andea AA. Lymphedematous fibroepithelial polyps of the penis associated with long-term condom catheter use: case report and review of the literature. J Cutan Pathol 2009; 36: 906-909
371 Palmero Marti JL, Bonillo Garcia MA, Pacheco Bru JJ. et al. [Necrosis of the skin of the penis as a complication of the use of a urine collector]. Actas Urol Esp 2003; 27: 155-158
372 Pidde TJ, Little JW. Hydronephrosis due to improper condom catheter use. J Am Paraplegia Soc 1994; 17: 168-170
373 Reiche T, Lisby G, Jorgensen S. et al. A prospective, controlled, randomized study of the effect of a slow-release silver device on the frequency of urinary tract infection in newly catheterized patients. BJU Int 2000; 85: 54-59
374 Fader M, Pettersson L, Dean G. et al. The selection of female urinals: results of a multicentre evaluation. Br J Nurs 1999; 8: 918-915
375 Cottenden AM, Dean GE, Brooks RJ. et al. Disposable bedpads for incontinence: predicting their clinical leakage properties using laboratory tests. Med Eng Phys 1998; 20: 347-359
376 Sprott MS, Kearns AM, Keenlyside D. A microbiological study of absorbent pads. J Hosp Infect 1988; 12: 125-129
377 Stansfield R, Caudle S. Bacillus cereus and orthopaedic surgical wound infection associated with incontinence pads manufactured from virgin wood pulp. J Hosp Infect 1997; 37: 336-338
378 Cottenden AM, Moore KN, Fader MJ. et al. Is there a risk of cross-infection from laundered reusable bedpads?. Br J Nurs 1999; 8: 1161-1163
379 Jacobs M, Wyman JF, Rowell P. et al. Continence nurses: a survey of who they are and what they do. Urol Nurs 1998; 18: 13-20
380 Newman DK. Urinary incontinence management in the USA: the role of the nurse. Br J Nurs 1996; 5: 78 , 80, 82-88
381 Rhodes P, Parker G. The role of the continence adviser in England and Wales. Int J Nurs Stud 1995; 32: 423-433
382 Roe B, Wilson K, Doll H. Public awareness and health education: findings from an evaluation of health services for incontinence in England. Int J Nurs Stud 2001; 38: 79-89
383 Shaw C, Williams KS, Assassa RP. Patients' views of a new nurse-led continence service. J Clin Nurs 2000; 9: 574-582
384 Thomas S, Billington A, Getliffe K. Improving continence services--a case study in policy influence. J Nurs Manag 2004; 12: 252-257
385 Williams KS, Assassa RP, Smith NK. et al. Development, implementation and evaluation of a new nurse-led continence service: a pilot study. J Clin Nurs 2000; 9: 566-573
386 Matharu GS, Assassa RP, Williams KS. et al. Continence nurse treatment of women's urinary symptoms. Br J Nurs 2004; 13: 140-143
387 Williams KS, Assassa RP, Cooper NJ. et al. Clinical and cost-effectiveness of a new nurse-led continence service: a randomised controlled trial. Br J Gen Pract 2005; 55: 696-703
388 Moore KH, O'Sullivan RJ, Simons A. et al. Randomised controlled trial of nurse continence advisor therapy compared with standard urogynaecology regimen for conservative incontinence treatment: efficacy, costs and two year follow up. BJOG 2003; 110: 649-657
389 Foote AJ, Moore KH. The cost of urogynaecological treatments: which are more cost-effective?. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2007; 47: 240-246
390 Borrie MJ, Bawden M, Speechley M. et al. Interventions led by nurse continence advisers in the management of urinary incontinence: a randomized controlled trial. CMAJ 2002; 166: 1267-1273
391 Palese A, Carniel G. The effects of a multi-intervention incontinence care program on clinical, economic, and environmental outcomes. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs 2011; 38: 177-183
392 Du Moulin MF, Hamers JP, Paulus A. et al. Effects of introducing a specialized nurse in the care of community-dwelling women suffering from urinary incontinence: a randomized controlled trial. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs 2007; 34: 631-640
393 Gurwitz JH, DuBeau C, Mazor K. et al. Use of Indwelling Urinary Catheters in Nursing Homes: Implications for Quality Improvement Efforts. J Am Geriatr Soc 2016; 64: 2204-2209
394 Jonsson K, Emanuelsson-Loft AL, Nasic S. et al. Urine bladder catheters in nursing home patients: a one-day point prevalence study in a Swedish county. Scand J Urol Nephrol 2010; 44: 320-323
395 Ringert RH, Gross AJ. [Bladder catheter or suprapubic fistula? Indications and contraindications]. Langenbecks Arch Chir Suppl Kongressbd 1996; 113: 713-717
396 Ahluwalia RS, Johal N, Kouriefs C. et al. The surgical risk of suprapubic catheter insertion and long-term sequelae. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2006; 88: 210-213
397 Jacob P, Rai BP, Todd AW. Suprapubic catheter insertion using an ultrasound-guided technique and literature review. BJU Int 2012; 110: 779-784
398 Chapple A, Prinjha S, Salisbury H. How users of indwelling urinary catheters talk about sex and sexuality: a qualitative study. Br J Gen Pract 2014; 64: e364-371
399 Heudorf U, Gasteyer S, Muller M. et al. Prevention and control of catheter-associated urinary tract infections - implementation of the recommendations of the Commission for Hospital Hygiene and Infection Prevention (KRINKO) in nursing homes for the elderly in Frankfurt am Main, Germany. GMS Hyg Infect Control 2016; 11: Doc15
400 Fowler S, Godfrey H, Fader M. et al. Living with a long-term, indwelling urinary catheter: catheter users' experience. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs 2014; 41: 597-603
401 Wilde MH, Getliffe K, Brasch J. et al. A new urinary catheter-related quality of life instrument for adults. Neurourol Urodyn 2010; 29: 1282-1285