Introduction
Technological breakthroughs have led to novel endoscopic techniques for diagnosing and treating gastrointestinal diseases. Although endoscopic mucosal resection for colorectal tumors is widely used as a minimally invasive therapy, the size of lesions that can be collectively resected is, on average, 20mm due to the limits of the snare diameter. In Japan, endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) was developed as a method that enables reliable en bloc resection for early gastric cancer so that accurate histopathological evaluations can be achieved [1]
[2].
With this method, an array of novel needle knives can be used as an electric scalpel to surgically remove the submucosal layer just beneath the diseased mucosa [2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]. However, repetitive and meticulous needle knife electrosurgical dissections of the submucosa during ESD remain physically and mentally demanding for the operator and involve high risk of perforation. Compared with the stomach, especially in the colorectum, the muscularis propria is thin and operability of the endoscope is unstable. When perforation occurs, severe peritonitis is caused by bacterial contamination of the peritoneal cavity [10]. Presence of fibrosis in the submucosal layer is considered one of the major factors that increase the difficulty of colorectal ESD. Various techniques such as the traction method have been developed to efficiently and safely perform ESD in gastrointestinal tumors when difficulties are encountered [11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
[18]. Among these techniques, ESD using the S-O clip has been reported to decrease procedure time without compromising on safety [19]
[20]. We recently introduced a new technique called submucosal pocket creation, which uses a traction device (TD) [21]. Thus, it is now possible to perform colorectal ESD relatively safely and reliably with development and improvement of these ESD-related treatment instruments.
The difficulty of colorectal ESD is greatly affected by peristaltic bowel movements. Anatomically, the lumen is narrow, with large bends and folds compared to that of the stomach. When novice endoscopists attempt colorectal ESD without any guidance, it is highly probable that they will encounter several obstacles related to stabilization of the working space and difficulties maneuvering the endoscope tip. Therefore, excellent colonoscopy handling skills are a necessity, and mentor guidance throughout the procedure is helpful [22]
[23]. The long learning curve involved in mastering colorectal ESD is a major factor preventing use of this method worldwide [24].
Recently, studies utilizing animal models as a useful training method for colorectal ESD have been reported. However, few studies have evaluated use of the TD technique for human colorectal ESD performed by trainee endoscopists. Furthermore, no study has compared treatment outcomes based on use of the simple loop nylon thread TD during colorectal ESD performed by trainees and experts. We retrospectively investigated whether colorectal ESD using a TD could enable novice operators to become proficient at performing colorectal ESD; this study aimed to evaluate the usefulness of TD in colorectal ESD performed by trainee endoscopists under mentor supervision.
Patients and methods
We retrospectively reviewed medical records and endoscopic report data from The Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research from December 2017 to May 2018 and found that 104 patients with 105 colorectal lesions underwent ESD. Four patients with four lesions that were not neoplastic were excluded from this study.
To evaluate the therapeutic outcomes of trainee endoscopists, we investigated the outcomes of 101 colorectal ESDs performed by two groups of endoscopists (group A and B). Group A comprised five less-experienced endoscopists (trainees: less than 50 cases of colorectal ESD), and group B comprised five more experienced endoscopists (experts: more than 300 cases of colorectal ESD). All trainees fulfilled the following criteria: 1) experience with more than 500 colonoscopy examinations; 2) accurate diagnostic capability using magnifying endoscopy; 3) proficiency with the endoscopic mucosal resection technique; and 4) 2 to 3 months of training involving observing and assisting ESD.
The lesions included in this study were colorectal laterally spreading tumors, residual or recurrent lesions, protruding tumors ≥ 20 mm, and submucosal tumors (SMTs) suspected to be neuroendocrine tumors ≥ 5 mm in diameter. Regarding epithelial tumors, chromoendoscopy and magnification endoscopy were performed before ESD to confirm that there was no deep invasion into the submucosal layer. Endoscopic ultrasound was performed for SMTs to confirm absence of infiltration into the muscular layer. Trainees performed colorectal ESDs under expert supervision. Guidance regarding incisions, dissection, and hemostasis was provided using verbal instructions. When procedure time was predicted to be prolonged or when technically difficult factors such as severe submucosal fibrosis were encountered, a nylon loop TD was used at the discretion of the operator and the supervisor.
Rates of accomplishing ESD, rates of TD use, procedure times, en bloc and R0 resection rates, and rates of adverse events (AEs), including perforation and postoperative bleeding, of the trainee group (group A) and the expert group (group B) were included in this analysis. We also divided the trainee group into subgroups based on whether the TD was used during colorectal ESD. The same aforementioned factors were compared during the subgroup analysis of the trainee group (group A) with or without use of TD.
Procedure time was defined as time from initial local injection in the submucosal layer to complete resection of the lesion. En bloc resection was defined as removal of the whole lesion. R0 resection was defined as removal of the whole lesion with a negative excision margin. AEs included perforation and postoperative bleeding. Intraoperative and delayed perforations were collectively termed as perforation. Postoperative bleeding was defined as bloody stools that occurred within 2 weeks after ESD and required endoscopic hemostasis.
This study complied with standards of the Declaration of Helsinki and the current ethical guidelines, and it was approved by the institutional ethics board of The Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research. Written informed consent for participation in this study was not obtained from the patients because this study did not report a clinical trial and the data were retrospective in nature and analyzed anonymously.
Design of the traction device
We modified the commercially available S-O clip. The TD used in this study was a loop made of nylon thread attached to an endoscopic clip. The diameter of the nylon loop was approximately 15 mm ([Fig. 1]). Unlike the S-O clip, this TD cannot be stretched because it does not have a spring; however, it can easily control the tension applied to the lesion by adjusting the amount of air in the lumen. In addition, similar to the S-O clip, this TD can pass through the channel of the forceps of the endoscope; therefore, removal and reinsertion of the endoscope are not necessary. Furthermore, because this TD is an endoscope-independent treatment tool, it can be used regardless of lesion location.
Fig. 1 Nylon loop traction device used in this study. The traction device consisted of a nylon loop with a diameter of approximately 15 mm attached to the base of the endoscopic clip.
Endoscopic procedure
Midazolam and pethidine hydrochloride were used as a sedative and an analgesic, respectively, for all patients. All patients were administered antispasmodic agents such as butyl scopolamine bromide or glucagon. We used a video endoscope equipped with a secondary water supply channel (GIF-Q260 J or PCF-Q260J; Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) fitted with a disposable tip attachment (D-201-11804; Olympus, Tokyo, Japan). In this study, 0.4 % sodium hyaluronate solution (MucoUp; Biochemistry, Tokyo, Japan) containing a small amount of indigo carmine and epinephrine hydrochloride was used as the submucosal injection.
We performed the mucosal and submucosal incisions using a dual knife or dual knife J (KD – 650 Q or KD 655 Q; Olympus, Tokyo, Japan). When arterial bleeding was observed, hemostasis treatment was performed using hemostatic forceps (FD-411QR; Olympus) as appropriate. The VIO 300 D (ERBE Elektromedizin GmbH, Tubingen, Germany) was used as the high-frequency generator device for our procedures.
Mucosal incision and most of the dissection were performed in Endo-Cut I mode (effect, 2; duration, 2; interval, 2). For submucosa with much fatty tissue and many vessels, dissection was performed using the SWIFT coagulation mode (effect 3; 45 W). Carbon dioxide (CO2) was used for insufflation in all patients.
Regarding the conventional ESD procedure, after sufficient submucosal injection to the lesion site, mucosal incision and submucosal dissection on the proximal side of the lesion were performed with the endoscope in the retroflex position when possible. Following proximal edge excision, mucosal incision and submucosal dissection of the distal side of the lesion were performed. An optional submucosal injection was used when necessary, and submucosal dissection was repeated to complete the procedure.
During ESD using the TD, initial mucosal incision and partial dissection were performed in the same manner as that during conventional ESD. After full or semi-circumferential cutting, the nylon loop TD was applied to the distal edge of the partially dissected lesion. The nylon loop thread was hooked with a clip and attached to the colorectal wall opposite to the lesion ([Fig. 2], [Fig. 3]). As a result, moderate tension was applied to the submucosal layer of the lesion, thus allowing easier identification of the dissection plane.
Fig. 2 Schema of the nylon loop traction device.
Fig. 3 Colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection using the traction device. The traction device was attached to the normal mucosa from the distal side of the tumor after full or semi-circumferential cutting. The nylon loop thread was hooked with a clip and attached to the colorectal wall opposite to the lesion, and dissection was continued with sufficient countertraction.
Statistical analysis
Because there is a possibility that patient characteristics between Group A and Group B are different, the following patient characteristics were analyzed: age, gender, location, morphology, lesion size, specimen size, pathological findings, residual or recurrent lesion, and fibrosis. Outcomes of interest in this study were rates of accomplishing ESD, rates of TD use, procedure times, rates of en bloc and R0 resection, and rates of AEs, including perforation and postoperative bleeding, between Group A and Group B.
Comparisons between groups were performed using the Mann-Whitney U-test, and the Student’s t-test was used for continuous variables. Categorical variables were compared using the chi-squared and Fisher’s exact tests. Differences with a P value < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Statistical analysis was performed using R version 3.4.2 (R Foundation, Vienna, Austria).
Results
The TD was used for 38 lesions. In all cases, ESD using TD was successful. TD use was not discontinued in any case during ESD. Moreover, the TD did not interfere with the ESD procedure.
Baseline characteristics of patients and lesions are shown in [Table 1]. In all, 72 and 29 lesions were removed by trainee endoscopists (group A) and expert endoscopists (group B), respectively. There were no significant differences in baseline characteristics such as age, gender, tumor location, morphology, lesion size, specimen size, pathological findings, number of residual or recurrent lesions, and fibrosis between the two groups.
Table 1
Baseline characteristics of the 101 patients treated with ESD.
|
Trainee (n = 72)
|
Expert (n = 29)
|
95 % CI
|
P value
|
|
Age, mean (SD), years
|
66.2 (10.5)
|
65.0 (9.5)
|
–5.57 – 3.34
|
0.62[1]
|
|
Gender, male: female, n [%]
|
33 [46]: 39 [54]
|
12 [41]: 17 [59]
|
0.46 – 3.18
|
0.68[2]
|
|
Location, n [%]
|
|
|
0.59 – 9.28
|
0.22[2]
|
|
|
18 [25]
|
4 [14]
|
|
|
|
|
54 [75]
|
25 [86]
|
|
|
|
Morphology, n [%]
|
|
|
|
0.06[3]
|
|
|
30 [42]
|
16 [55]
|
|
|
|
|
33 [46]
|
8 [28]
|
|
|
|
|
5 [7]
|
3 [10]
|
|
|
|
|
4 [6]
|
0 [0]
|
|
|
|
|
0 [0]
|
2 [7]
|
|
|
|
Lesion size, median [interquartile range], mm
|
21.5 [18.0 – 28.5]
|
25.0 [20.0 – 35.0]
|
|
0.06[4]
|
|
Specimen size, median [interquartile range], mm
|
34.5 [28.0 – 40.0]
|
35.0 [30.0 – 41.3]
|
|
0.51[4]
|
|
Pathological findings, n [%]
|
|
|
|
0.41[3]
|
|
|
35 [49]
|
13 [45]
|
|
|
|
|
25 [35]
|
9 [31]
|
|
|
|
|
2 [3]
|
2 [7]
|
|
|
|
|
6 [8]
|
5 [17]
|
|
|
|
|
4 [6]
|
0 [0]
|
|
|
|
Residual or recurrent lesion
|
5 [7]
|
3 [10]
|
0.12 – 4.48
|
0.69[3]
|
|
Fibrosis, n [%]
|
24 [33]
|
10 [35]
|
0.35 – 2.67
|
0.91[2]
|
ESD, endoscopic submucosal dissection; CI, confidence interval; LST-G, laterally spreading tumor – granular type; LST-NG, laterally spreading tumor – nongranular type; SMT, submucosal tumor.
1 Student’s t-test
2 Chi-squared test
3 Fisher’s exact test
4 Mann-Whitney U-test
Treatment outcomes of the two groups are shown in [Table 2]. No significant difference was observed in ESD completion rates (86.1 % [62/72] vs. 96.6 % [28/29]; odds ratio [OR], 0.22; 95 % confidence interval [CI], 0.005 – 1.71; P = 0.17) or procedure times (51.5 min vs. 40.0 min, P = 0.42) between the two groups. In group A, 10 lesions for which ESD could not be completed independently by the trainee were removed with the help of an expert who completed the ESD procedure. ESD could not be completed in one patient in group B due to the muscle-retracting sign caused by the peristaltic pulling force on the muscle layer just under the lesion toward the tumor. For this patient, ESD was discontinued and surgery was performed later. The rate of TD use was significantly higher in group A than in group B (44.4 % [32/72] vs. 20.7 % [6/29]; OR, 3.03; 95 % CI, 1.04 – 10.23; P = 0.03). Between the two groups, rates of en bloc, R0, curative resections, and AEs were comparable. Although there were no perforations in group B, two minor perforations occurred during the procedure in group A (2.8 % [2/72] vs. 0 % [0/29]; P = 1.00). Neither perforation required surgery; instead, wound closure using the endoscopic clip was performed and antibiotics were administered. No deaths were associated with the treatment.
Table 2
Comparison of treatment outcomes of the trainee and expert groups.
|
Trainee (n = 72)
|
Expert (n = 29)
|
P value
|
|
Completion, n [%]
|
62 [86.1]
|
28 [96.6]
|
0.17[1]
|
|
Traction device was used, n [%]
|
32 [44.4]
|
6 [20.7]
|
0.03[2]
|
|
Procedure time, median, minutes
|
52.0
|
40.0
|
0.27[3]
|
|
En bloc resection, n [%]
|
72 [100]
|
29 [96.6]
|
0.29[1]
|
|
R0 resection, n [%]
|
68 [94.4]
|
27 [93.1]
|
1.00[1]
|
|
Curative resection, n [%]
|
61 [84.7]
|
23 [79.3]
|
0.56[1]
|
|
Adverse events, n [%]
|
|
|
2 [2.8]
|
0 [0.0]
|
1.00[1]
|
|
|
2 [2.8]
|
0 [0.0]
|
1.00[1]
|
1 Fisher’s exact test
2 Chi-squared test
3 Mann-Whitney U-test
Subgroup analyses of trainee endoscopists
Of the 72 lesions treated with ESD by trainees, 32 lesions were resected with the TD and 40 lesions were resected without the TD. Baseline characteristics of patients and lesions are shown in [Table 3]. There were no significant differences in baseline characteristics concerning age, gender, morphology, lesion size, specimen size, pathological findings, and number of residual or recurrent lesions between the two groups. In the TD-use group, lesions occupying the rectum were significantly smaller than those of the TD non-use group (12.5 % [4/32] vs 35 % [14/40]; OR, 0.27; CI, 0.06 – 1.01; P = 0.03). The TD-use group encountered significantly more lesions with fibrosis than the TD non-use group (46.8 % [15/32] vs. 22.5 % [9/40]; OR, 2.99; CI, 0.98 – 9.59; P = 0.03). Treatment outcomes of the two groups are shown in [Table 4]. No significant difference was observed in ESD completion rates (81.2 % [26/32] vs. 90.0% [36/40]; OR, 0.49; CI, 0.09 – 2.29; P = 0.32) between the two groups. Procedure time was significantly longer in the TD-use group than in the TD non-use group (69.0 min vs. 42.0 min; P < 0.01). Between the two groups, rates of en bloc, R0, curative resection, and AEs were comparable. The experiences of trainees with ESD are shown in [Table 5].
Table 3
Baseline characteristics of the 72 lesions treated with ESD by a trainee.
|
With TD (n = 32)
|
Without TD (n = 40)
|
95 % CI
|
P value
|
|
Age, mean (SD), years
|
68.7 (11.1)
|
64.2 (9.6)
|
–9.38 – 0.36
|
0.07[1]
|
|
Gender, male: female, n [%]
|
14 [44]: 18 [56]
|
19 [48]: 21 [53]
|
0.30 – 2.42
|
0.75[2]
|
|
Location, n [%]
|
|
|
0.06 – 1.01
|
0.03[2]
|
|
Rectum
|
4 [13]
|
14 [35]
|
|
|
|
Colon
|
28 [88]
|
26 [65]
|
|
|
|
Morphology, n [%]
|
|
|
|
0.61[3]
|
|
|
16 [50]
|
14 [35]
|
|
|
|
|
13 [41]
|
20 [50]
|
|
|
|
|
2 [6]
|
3 [8]
|
|
|
|
|
1 [3]
|
3 [8]
|
|
|
|
Lesion size, median [interquartile range], mm
|
25.0 [20.0 – 30.8]
|
20.0 [17.5 – 25.5]
|
|
0.12[4]
|
|
Specimen size, median [interquartile range], mm
|
35.0 [30.0 – 42.5]
|
32.5 [27.3 – 35.0]
|
|
0.12[4]
|
|
Pathological findings, n [%]
|
|
|
|
0.10[3]
|
|
|
21 [66]
|
14 [35]
|
|
|
|
|
7 [22]
|
18 [45]
|
|
|
|
|
1 [3]
|
1 [3]
|
|
|
|
|
2 [6]
|
4 [10]
|
|
|
|
|
1 [3]
|
3 [8]
|
|
|
|
Residual or recurrent lesion
|
4 [13]
|
1 [3]
|
0.50 – 280.82
|
0.16[3]
|
|
Fibrosis, n [%]
|
15 [47]
|
9 [23]
|
0.98 – 9.59
|
0.03[2]
|
ESD, endoscopic submucosal dissection; TD, traction device; CI, confidence interval; LST-G, laterally spreading tumor – granular type; LST-NG, laterally spreading tumor – nongranular type; SMT, submucosal tumor.
1 Student’s t-test
2 Chi-squared test
3 Fisher’s exact test
4 Mann-Whitney U-test
Table 4
Comparison of treatment outcomes with and without TD use by a trainee.
|
With TD
(n = 32)
|
Without TD
(n = 40)
|
P value
|
|
Completion, n [%]
|
26 [81.2]
|
36 [90.0]
|
0.32[1]
|
|
Procedure time, median, minutes
|
69.0
|
42.0
|
< 0.01[2]
|
|
En bloc resection, n [%]
|
32 [100]
|
40 [100]
|
–
|
|
R0 resection, n [%]
|
29 [90.6]
|
39 [97.5]
|
0.32[1]
|
|
Curative resection, n [%]
|
28 [87.5]
|
33 [82.5]
|
0.74[1]
|
|
Adverse events, n [%]
|
|
|
1 [3.1]
|
1 [2.5]
|
1.00[1]
|
|
|
1 [3.1]
|
1 [2.5]
|
1.00[1]
|
TD, traction device
1 Fisher’s exact test
2 Mann-Whitney U-test
Table 5
Trainee experience with endoscopic submucosal dissection.
|
Colorectal ESD performed before the study, n
|
Total ESD performed before the study, n
|
Colorectal ESD performed during the study period, n
|
|
Endoscopist 1
|
0
|
0
|
10
|
|
Endoscopist 2
|
0
|
0
|
11
|
|
Endoscopist 3
|
0
|
21
|
21
|
|
Endoscopist 4
|
3
|
31
|
13
|
|
Endoscopist 5
|
9
|
42
|
17
|
ESD, endoscopic submucosal dissection
Discussion
This is one of few reports that show the usefulness of TD for human colorectal ESD performed by trainee endoscopists [25]. In addition, to our knowledge, this study was the first to directly compare treatment outcomes based on use of a TD by trainee and expert endoscopists.
There were no significant differences in ESD completion rates and procedure times of the trainee and expert groups in the current study. Furthermore, high rates of en bloc and R0 resections and low rates of AEs were achieved by the trainee group. Interestingly, the rate of TD use was significantly higher in the trainee group than in the expert group. There were many confounding factors that influenced outcomes of this study, but we believe that this study demonstrated the importance of using TD to perform safe and reliable colorectal ESD, even when performed by a trainee.
Previous reports have indicated that there are differences in anatomical characteristics of the upper gastrointestinal tract and lower gastrointestinal tract, especially the thickness of the muscular layer. Therefore, more caution is necessary when performing colorectal ESD than when performing gastric ESD. Because endoscopic maneuvering greatly varies in the stomach and the colorectum, further experience with colorectal ESD is required even after some degree of experience with gastric ESD has been obtained. It has been reported that 30 to 100 colorectal ESD procedures are required to achieve proficiency, even for experienced gastric ESD endoscopists [26]
[27]
[28]
[29]. However, in recent years, there are reports showing that endoscopists without gastric ESD experience can safely perform colorectal ESD [30]. In contrast, this report claimed that more than 100 colorectal ESD procedures are required to achieve proficiency.
Shiga et al. suggested that colonic lesions located at junctions and lesions accompanied with fibrosis should be avoided by novice endoscopists with an experience of fewer than 40 cases of colorectal ESD [31]
[32]. Other reports have suggested that expert guidance and direct supervision may have contributed to better outcomes [22]
[23]. However, some reports suggested more stringent requirements such as training protocols, including long periods of observational and supervised ESD procedures as well as animal model training [22]
[31]
[32].
In the current study, trainees were introduced to colorectal ESD without being limited to the rectum. In fact, there was no significant difference in lesion location in the trainee and expert groups. Further, before attempting human colorectal ESD procedures, trainees did not require training using animal models. The current study found good results of colorectal ESD performed by trainee endoscopists during a short period of 4 months without special selection of lesions. However, there is no doubt that performing ESD in the rectum and learning with animal models are still the most effective and essential ways of training. We believe that a major factor that contributed to the good outcomes of ESD performed by trainees in this study was the improved visibility of the submucosal layer provided by the TD. However, further prospective studies are needed to evaluate this.
The S-O clip is one of the first internal TDs that were marketed in Japan in recent years [19]
[20]. This device consists of a spring and a nylon loop that are attached to the endoscopic clip tip. The greatest advantage of this device is that it can be used anywhere without the need to withdraw the endoscope. Furthermore, this device provides offset countertraction independent of the endoscope. In our study, a modified TD without the spring was used. This simple device with a loop made of nylon thread that was attached to the clip is inexpensive and can be easily applied without purchasing any special instruments. The amount of tension can be adjusted simply by the amount of air insufflated in the lumen.
According to the results of the subgroup analyses, unlike in other reports, procedure times were significantly longer in the TD-use group. In contrast, lesions with fibrosis were encountered in a significantly higher proportion of those in the TD-use group. Lesions with fibrosis have been shown to be risk factors for AEs such as perforation and delayed bleeding. It is sometimes difficult to perform en bloc resection for these lesions even if the operator is an expert [33]. In addition, the TD was used significantly more in the colon than in the rectum. The colon has a thinner muscle layer and poorer operability than the rectum. As mentioned earlier, a trainee's ESD introduction in the colon is reported to have a high degree of difficulty compared with that in the rectum. On the basis of these results, although longer procedure time is required, even lesions with fibrosis or colonic lesions can be safely treated by a trainee, maintaining a high completion rate with the help of the TD. ESD could not be completed by an expert in one patient with the muscle-retracting sign. This sign is caused by the peristaltic pulling force of the muscular layer beneath the lesion toward the tumor [34]. For this patient, ESD was discontinued and surgery was performed later. For large protruding tumors, risk of severe fibrosis is increased. Although we may be able to safely perform ESD using TD, such lesions should be avoided during introduction of colorectal ESD.
At most medical institutions, even in Japan, only a few trainees are fortunate enough to get the opportunity to perform colorectal ESD. At our institution, we actively promote use of the TD when inexperienced trainees perform colorectal ESD because it improves visibility of the dissection plane, facilitates efficient dissection, and decreases obstacles to ESD. Ohata et al reported that direct supervision by experts has contributed to better outcomes [22]. We believe that trainees can perform sufficient ESD using the TD if they are supervised by an expert endoscopist. Furthermore, by incorporating various methods, it may be possible to introduce safer and more efficient ESD procedures that can be performed by trainee endoscopists in the future.
There were several limitations to this study and several biases that might influence study results. First, there may have been a bias in the case selection. The criteria for utilizing the TD are not clear enough. In particular, we did not consider operability, which greatly affects completion of ESD. Maneuverability of the endoscope in the colon is also poor compared with that in the stomach due to presence of semilunar folds, physiological flexion, peristalsis, and respiratory movements. Such technically difficult factors other than lesion location and fibrosis may be taken into consideration in case selection, and it is undeniable that the result of this study may be greatly influenced. Selection bias of patient characteristics and trainees was also an important factor. In addition, there might be information bias of the observer and measurement bias of outcomes in this study. Future well-designed prospective cohort studies that exclude selection bias, or randomized controlled trials, are needed. This study was a retrospective single-facility study. Multicenter studies are necessary to evaluate the generalizability of TD for trainees.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the usefulness of the TD in colorectal ESD performed by trainee endoscopists was demonstrated in this study. We determined that a trainee endoscopist who performs mentor-guided ESD using the TD can achieve outcomes similar to those of an expert endoscopist. Despite the small sample size, we believe that our findings are convincing; however, further investigations are still warranted.
