Effect of Dietary Fiber on Serum Leptin Level: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Abstract

Background Dietary fibers may induce satiety through affecting gastro-intestinal and peripheral appetite regulating hormones. Thus, we aimed to investigate the effect of dietary fiber consumption on serum leptin level compared to control diet, in short- and long- term trials, through a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Methods We searched PubMed, web of science, Scopus, ProQuest, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library to find randomized controlled clinical trials that evaluated effect of any type of dietary fiber on serum leptin level compared to control diet, until April 2019. Both short-term (1–4 days) and long-term (longer than 2 weeks) studies were selected. Mean differences (MD) of changes in serum leptin level and 95% confidence intervals were extracted from eligible studies, and random effects model was used to analyze data.

Results Thirteen studies included the systematic review and 11 entered in the meta-analysis. No significant change was seen in serum leptin level in short-term (MD=0.02, 95% CI; −0.15, 0.20, Tau²=0.0) and long-term studies (MD=−0.10, 95% CI; −0.28, 0.08, Tau²=0.0), followed by fiber consumption. However, this effect was statistically significant in obese participants (MD=−0.36, 95% CI; −0.71, −0.02, Tau²=0.0) in long-term studies. Moreover, we found no significant results in subgroups of baseline serum leptin level, intervention duration, fiber dose, and fiber type.

Conclusions This meta-analysis found that taking dietary fiber for long term could lower serum leptin level, just in obese persons. However, further clinical trials are needed in this field to clarify this issue.

Keywords

dietary fiber - leptin - obesity

Publication History

Received: 23 May 2019
Received: 09 August 2019

Accepted: 12 August 2019

Article published online:
11 December 2019

• References

• 1 Yumuk V, Tsigos C, Fried M. et al. European guidelines for obesity management in adults. Obes Facts 2015; 8: 402-424
• 2 Bowen PG, Lee LT, McCaskill GM. et al. Understanding health policy to improve primary care management of obesity. Nurse Pract 2018; 43: 46-52
• 3 Pan H, Guo J, Su Z. Advances in understanding the interrelations between leptin resistance and obesity. Physiol Behav 2014; 130: 157-169
• 4 de Git KC, Adan RA. Leptin resistance in diet-induced obesity: The role of hypothalamic inflammation. Obes Rev 2015; 16: 207-224
• 5 Kuroda M, Ohta M, Okufuji T. et al. Frequency of soup intake and amount of dietary fiber intake are inversely associated with plasma leptin concentrations in Japanese adults. Appetite 2010; 54: 538-543
• 6 Cusin I, Sainsbury A, Doyle P. et al. The ob gene and insulin. A relationship leading to clues to the understanding of obesity. Diabetes 1995; 44: 1467-1470
• 7 Saladin R, De Vos P, Guerre-Millo M. et al. Transient increase in obese gene expression after food intake or insulin administration. Nature 1995; 377: 527-529
• 8 Raben A, Astrup A. Leptin is influenced both by predisposition to obesity and diet composition. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000; 24: 450-459
• 9 Romon M, Lebel P, Velly C. et al. Leptin response to carbohydrate or fat meal and association with subsequent satiety and energy intake. Am J Physiol 1999; 277: E855-E861
• 10 Slavin JL, Green H. Dietary fibre and satiety. Nutr Bull 2007; 32 S1 32-42
• 11 Howarth NC, Saltzman E, Roberts SB. Dietary fiber and weight regulation. Nutr Rev 2001; 59: 129-139
• 12 Kaczmarczyk MM, Miller MJ, Freund GG. The health benefits of dietary fiber: beyond the usual suspects of type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease and colon cancer. Metabolism 2012; 61: 1058-1066
• 13 Chearskul S, Kriengsinyos W, Kooptiwut S. et al. Immediate and long-term effects of glucomannan on total ghrelin and leptin in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2009; 83: e40-e42
• 14 Kushi LH, Meyer KA, Jacobs Jr. DR. Cereals, legumes, and chronic disease risk reduction: Evidence from epidemiologic studies. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 70: 451s-458ss
• 15 Bazzano LA, He J, Ogden LG. et al. Legume consumption and risk of coronary heart disease in US men and women: NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study. Arch Intern Med 2001; 161: 2573-2578
• 16 Ylonen K, Saloranta C, Kronberg-Kippila C. et al. Associations of dietary fiber with glucose metabolism in nondiabetic relatives of subjects with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2003; 26: 1979-1985
• 17 Koh-Banerjee P, Franz M, Sampson L. et al. Changes in whole-grain, bran, and cereal fiber consumption in relation to 8-y weight gain among men. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 80: 1237-1245
• 18 Davis JN, Hodges VA, Gillham MB. Normal-weight adults consume more fiber and fruit than their age- and height-matched overweight/obese counterparts. J Am Diet Assoc 2006; 106: 833-840
• 19 Du H, van der AD, Boshuizen HC. et al. Dietary fiber and subsequent changes in body weight and waist circumference in European men and women. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 91: 329-336
• 20 Al-Lahham SH, Roelofsen H, Priebe M. et al. Regulation of adipokine production in human adipose tissue by propionic acid. Eur J Clin Invest 2010; 40: 401-407
• 21 Qi L, Rimm E, Liu S. et al. Dietary glycemic index, glycemic load, cereal fiber, and plasma adiponectin concentration in diabetic men. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 1022-1028
• 22 Qi L, Meigs JB, Liu S. et al. Dietary fibers and glycemic load, obesity, and plasma adiponectin levels in women with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2006; 29: 1501-1505
• 23 Giacco R, Clemente G, Cipriano D. et al. Effects of the regular consumption of wholemeal wheat foods on cardiovascular risk factors in healthy people. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2010; 20: 186-194
• 24 Maziarz MP, Preisendanz S, Juma S. et al. Resistant starch lowers postprandial glucose and leptin in overweight adults consuming a moderate-to-high-fat diet: a randomized-controlled trial. Nutr J. 2017; 16: 14
• 25 Lambert JE, Parnell JA, Tunnicliffe JM. et al. Consuming yellow pea fiber reduces voluntary energy intake and body fat in overweight/obese adults in a 12-week randomized controlled trial. Clin Nutr 2017; 36: 126-133
• 26 Wanders AJ, Mars M, Borgonjen-van den Berg KJ. et al. Satiety and energy intake after single and repeated exposure to gel-forming dietary fiber: post-ingestive effects. Int J Obes (Lond) 2014; 38: 794-800
• 27 Bouche C, Rizkalla SW, Luo J. et al. Five-week, low-glycemic index diet decreases total fat mass and improves plasma lipid profile in moderately overweight nondiabetic men. Diabetes Care 2002; 25: 822-828
• 28 Lee KW, Song KE, Lee HS. et al. The effects of Goami No. 2 rice, a natural fiber-rich rice, on body weight and lipid metabolism. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2006; 14: 423-430
• 29 Garcia AL, Steiniger J, Reich SC. et al. Arabinoxylan fibre consumption improved glucose metabolism, but did not affect serum adipokines in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. Horm Metab Res 2006; 38: 761-766
• 30 Harris Jackson K, West SG, Vanden Heuvel JP. et al. Effects of whole and refined grains in a weight-loss diet on markers of metabolic syndrome in individuals with increased waist circumference: A randomized controlled-feeding trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2014; 100: 577-586
• 31 Beck EJ, Tapsell LC, Batterham MJ. et al. Oat beta-glucan supplementation does not enhance the effectiveness of an energy-restricted diet in overweight women. Br J Nutr 2010; 103: 1212-1222
• 32 Jadad AR, Moore RA, Carroll D. et al. Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: Is blinding necessary?. Control Clin Trials 1996; 17: 1-12
• 33 Higgins JPT, Green S. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.2.0: Wiley Online Library. 2017
• 34 Zhang Z, Lanza E, Ross AC. et al. A high-legume low-glycemic index diet reduces fasting plasma leptin in middle-aged insulin-resistant and -sensitive men. Eur J Clin Nutr 2011; 65: 415
• 35 Chang KT, Lampe JW, Schwarz Y. et al. Low glycemic load experimental diet more satiating than high glycemic load diet. Nutr Cancer 2012; 64: 666-673
• 36 Barkoukis H, Marchetti CM, Nolan B. et al. A high glycemic meal suppresses the postprandial leptin response in normal healthy adults. Ann Nutr Metab 2007; 51: 512-518
• 37 Geliebter A, Grillot CL, Aviram-Friedman R. et al. Effects of oatmeal and corn flakes cereal breakfasts on satiety, gastric emptying, glucose, and appetite-related hormones. Ann Nutr Metab 2015; 66: 93-103
• 38 Palou M, Sanchez J, Garcia-Carrizo F. et al. Pectin supplementation in rats mitigates age-related impairment in insulin and leptin sensitivity independently of reducing food intake. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 59: 2022-2033
• 39 Islam A, Civitarese AE, Hesslink RL. et al. Viscous dietary fiber reduces adiposity and plasma leptin and increases muscle expression of fat oxidation genes in rats. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2012; 20: 349-355
• 40 So P-W, Yu W-S, Kuo Y-T. et al. Impact of Resistant starch on body fat patterning and central appetite regulation. PLoS ONE 2007; 2: e1309
• 41 Artiss JD, Brogan K, Brucal M. et al. The effects of a new soluble dietary fiber on weight gain and selected blood parameters in rats. Metabolism 2006; 55: 195-202
• 42 Zhang R, Jiao J, Zhang W. et al. Effects of cereal fiber on leptin resistance and sensitivity in C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat/cholesterol diet. Food Nutr Res 2016; 60: 31690
• 43 Ren J. Leptin and hyperleptinemia - from friend to foe for cardiovascular function. J Endocrinol 2004; 181: 1-10
• 44 Thompson SV, Hannon BA, An R. et al. Effects of isolated soluble fiber supplementation on body weight, glycemia, and insulinemia in adults with overweight and obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2017; 106: 1514-1528
• 45 Clark MJ, Slavin JL. The effect of fiber on satiety and food intake: A systematic review. J Am Coll Nutr 2013; 32: 200-211