Workload Intensity and Rest Periods in Professional Ballet:
                    Connotations for Injury

Andrea C. Kozai; Emily Twitchett; Sian Morgan; Matthew Alexander Wyon

doi:10.1055/a-1083-6539

International Journal of Sports Medicine, Table of Contents

Int J Sports Med 2020; 41(06): 373-379
DOI: 10.1055/a-1083-6539

Training & Testing

Workload Intensity and Rest Periods in Professional Ballet: Connotations for Injury

Andrea C. Kozai

¹Institute of Human Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, Walsall, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

,

Emily Twitchett

²Research Centre for Sport, Exercise and Performance, University of Wolverhampton, Coventry, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

,

Sian Morgan

³Sports Medicine, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

,

Matthew Alexander Wyon

¹Institute of Human Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, Walsall, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

⁴National Institute of Dance Medicine and Science, Research, Birmingham, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

› Author Affiliations

Abstract

Fatigue and overwork have been cited as the main cause of injury with the dance profession. Previous research has shown a difference in workload between professional dancers of different rank, but the role of sex has not been examined. The purpose of this study was to determine workload intensity, rest, and sleep profiles of professional ballet dancers. 48 professional ballet dancers (M=25, F=23) took part in an observational design over 7–14 days using triaxial accelerometer devices. Minutes in METS at different intensities, total time asleep and rest breaks were analysed. Significant main effects for rank (p<0.001) and rank by sex (p=0.003) for total PA, working day activity, post work activity and sleep. Sleep ranged between 2.4–9.6 h per night. All participants spent more time between 1.5–3 METS outside of work. Significant amounts of exercise where carried out outside of their work day, therefore when injury is reported per 1000 h dance activity, this extra-curricular activity might need to be included. When looking at potential causes of injury in dance, a global perspective of physical activity is required that includes activity outside of work and sleep patterns, all activities that influence physiological recovery.

Key words

triaxial accelerometry - dance - dancer - sleep - rest - gender differences

Full Text

References

References
1 Laws H. Fit to Dance 2 - Report of the Second National Inquiry into Dancers’ Health and Injury in the UK. London: Newgate Press; 2005
2 Liederbach M, Compagno JM. Psychological aspects of fatigue-related injuries in dancers. J Dance Med Sci 2001; 5: 116-120
3 Allen N, Nevill A, Brooks J. et al. Ballet injuries: Injury incidence and severity over 1 year. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2012; 42: 781-790 doi:10.2519/jospt.2012.3893
4 Campoy FAS, de Oliveira Coelho LR, Bastos FN. et al. Investigation of risk factors and characteristics of dance injuries. Clin J Sport Med 2011; 21: 493-498
5 Schantz P, Åstrand P-O. Physiological characteristics of classical ballet. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1984; 16: 472-476
6 Wyon MA, Abt G, Redding E. et al. Oxygen uptake during modern dance class, rehearsal, and performance. J Strength Cond Res 2004; 18: 646-649
7 Wyon MA, Redding E. Physiological monitoring of cardiorespiratory adaptations during rehearsal and performance of contemporary dance. J Strength Cond Res 2005; 19: 611-614
8 Rodrigues-Krause J, Krause M, Cunha GdS. et al. Ballet dancers cardiorespiratory, oxidative and muscle damage responses to classes and rehearsals. Eur J Sports Sci 2014; 14: 199-208
9 King GA, Torres N, Potter C. et al. Comparison of activity monitors to estimate energy cost of treadmill exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004; 36: 1244-1251
10 Aerenhouts D, Zinzen E, Clarys P. Energy expenditure and habitual physical activities in adolescent sprint athletes. J Sports Sci Med 2011; 10: 362-368
11 Clarys P, Rosseneu A, Aerenhouts D. et al. Energy expenditure and intake in judo athletes during training camp. Journal of Combat Sports and Martial Arts 2011; 1: 2
12 Bhammar D, Sawyer B, Tucker W. et al. Validity of SenseWear^® Armband v5.2 and v2.2 for estimating energy expenditure. J Sports Sci 2016; 34: 1830-1838
13 Drenowatz C, Eisenmann JC. Validation of the SenseWear Armband at high intensity exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 111: 883-887
14 Twitchett E, Angioi M, Koutedakis Y. et al. The demands of a working day among female professional ballet dancers. J Dance Med Sci 2010; 14: 127-132
15 Xarez L, Pereira F, Mendonça G. Monitoring work and rest during performance and life-style: A study case with a principal ballet dancer. . In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Performance Science 2009; 537-542
16 Massidda M, Cugusi L, Ibba M. et al. Energy expenditure during competitive Latin American dancing simulation. Med Probl Perform Ar 2011; 26: 206
17 Twitchett E, Angioi M, Koutedakis Y. et al. The demands of a working day among female professional ballet dancers. J Dance Med Sci 2010; 14: 127-132
18 Leeder J, Glaister M, Pizzoferro K. et al. Sleep duration and quality in elite athletes measured using wristwatch actigraphy. J Sports Sci 2012; 30: 541-545
19 Reilly T, Edwards B. Altered sleep–wake cycles and physical performance in athletes. Physiol Behav 2007; 90: 274-284
20 Fietze I, Strauch J, Holzhausen M. et al. Sleep quality in professional ballet dancers. Chronobiol Int 2009; 26: 1249-1262
21 van Hoye K, Mortelmans P, Lefevre J. Validation of the SenseWear Pro3 Armband using an incremental exercise test. J Strength Cond Res 2014; 28: 2806-2814
22 Welk GJ, McClain JJ, Eisenmann JC. et al. Field validation of the MTI Actigraph and BodyMedia armband monitor using the IDEEA monitor. Obesity 2007; 15: 918-928
23 Sharif MM, BaHammam AS. Sleep estimation using BodyMedia’s SenseWear™ armband in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Ann Thorac Med 2013; 8: 53
24 Windt J, Gabbett TJ. How do training and competition workloads relate to injury? The workload—injury aetiology model. Br J Sports Med 2017; 51: 428-435
25 Beck S, Redding E, Wyon MA. Methodological considerations for documenting the energy demand of dance activity: A review. Front Psychol 2015; 6: 568
26 Mountjoy M, Sundgot-Borgen J, Burke L. et al. The IOC consensus statement: beyond the female athlete triad—Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S). Br J Sports Med 2014; 48: 491-497
27 Samuels C. Sleep, recovery, and performance: the new frontier in high-performance athletics. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 2009; 20: 149-159
28 Halson SL. Nutrition, sleep and recovery. Eur J Sports Sci 2008; 8: 119-126
29 Dattilo M, Antunes HKM, Medeiros A. et al. Sleep and muscle recovery: Endocrinological and molecular basis for a new and promising hypothesis. Med Hypotheses 2011; 77: 220-222 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2011.04.017
30 Dattilo M, Antunes HKM, Medeiros A. et al. Paradoxical sleep deprivation induces muscle atrophy. Muscle Nerve 2012; 45: 431-433
31 Obál F, Kapás L, Gardi J. et al. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)-induced inhibition of growth hormone secretion is associated with sleep suppression. Brain Res 1999; 818: 267-274 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-8993(98)01286-4
32 Nedeltcheva AV, Kilkus JM, Imperial J. et al. Insufficient sleep undermines dietary efforts to reduce adiposity. Ann Intern Med 2010; 153: 435-441
33 Lin SH, Liao WC, Chen MY. et al. The impact of shift work on nurses’ job stress, sleep quality and self-perceived health status. J Nurs Manag 2014; 22: 604-612
34 Rae DE, Stephenson KJ, Roden LC. Factors to consider when assessing diurnal variation in sports performance: the influence of chronotype and habitual training time-of-day. Eur J Appl Physiol 2015; 115: 1339-1349
35 Allen N, Nevill A, Brooks J. et al. Ballet Injuries: Injury incidence and severity over one year. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2012; 42: 781-790 doi:10. 2519/jospt.2012.3893