Introduction
Duodenal neuroendocrine tumors (DNETs) are considered rare [1]
[2], occurring less frequently than rectal and gastric neuroendocrine tumors (NETs)
and accounting for < 5 % of all gastrointestinal NETs [1]. Endoscopic resection of DNETs remains controversial and its indications unclear.
Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) [3]
[4], cap-assisted endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR-C) [3], endoscopic submucosal resection with ligation (ESMR-L) [5]
[6]
[7], and endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) [4]
[8]
[9] are deemed suitable for the resection of small DNETS (≤ 10 mm) with a low malignancy
potential. DNETs develop from the deep mucosa and are histologically classified as
epithelial tumors and macroscopically as submucosal tumors [10]. Thus, deep layer resection is required to achieve R0 resection. However, endoscopic
treatment of DNETs has frequently resulted in incomplete resection [4], and endoscopists have to consider an increased risk of perforation when attempting
to achieve an ample vertical safety margin in the thin duodenal wall. Therefore, an
easy, safe, and reliable endoscopic resection procedure is needed for such lesions.
Recently, the over-the-scope clip (OTSC) system (Ovesco Endoscopy GmbH, Tübingen,
Germany), a novel gastrointestinal full-thickness closure device, was reported to
be safe and effective for fistula closure, anastomotic dehiscence, hemostasis of gastrointestinal
bleeding, and endoscopic closure of iatrogenic gastrointestinal perforations [11]. Mucosal defect closure using the OTSC system after duodenal ESD has helped prevent
the previously mentioned severe adverse events (AEs) [12]
[13]. Hence, we developed a new endoscopic resection method using the strong cerclage
force of the OTSC, with the device placed prior to resection so as to surround the
basal portion of the target lesion to achieve tumor resection deeper than the muscle
layer and prevent intraoperative and delayed perforation. We termed this procedure
endoscopic muscularis resection with OTSC (EMRO). In this study, our aim was to evaluate
the short-term outcomes of EMRO for treating DNETs.
Patients and methods
Study design
This retrospective observational study was conducted at Saitama Medical University
International Medical Center and performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
The study protocol was approved by our institution’s ethics committee (institutional
ID: 19-315) and written informed consent was obtained from all patients after the
risks and benefits of the treatment had been fully explained prior to EMRO.
Patients and methods
From September 2017 to March 2020, 13 consecutive patients with 14 DNETs ≤ 10 mm who
underwent EMRO at our institute were enrolled. The inclusion criteria were: 1. Tumors
diagnosed as NETs through preoperative pathological biopsy; 2. Lesions ≤ 10 mm in
diameter identified on endoscopy; 3. Lesions located within the submucosal layer;
and 4. No lymph node or distant metastasis detected. Considering the risk of acute
pancreatitis, we did not attempt EMRO for lesions in which OTSC deployment could involve
the major papillae. We excluded patients who refused the use of their resected tissue
samples and clinical data for this study. All 14 EMRO procedures were performed by
a single endoscopist (T.T.), who had performed > 250 duodenal endoscopic resections
and > 200 OTSC procedures. Information on patient and clinical characteristics, including
sex, age, tumor characteristics (location, size), short-term treatment outcomes, and
follow-up outcomes (local recurrence and OTSC retainment), was retrospectively assessed.
Preoperative endoscopic examination including simulation of OTSC deployment
Before considering EMRO, all patients underwent preoperative endoscopy using a therapeutic
endoscope (GIF-Q260 J or GIF-H290T; Olympus, Medical Systems Co., Tokyo, Japan). The
lesion size, location, and position relative to the major papilla, and scope maneuverability
were evaluated. Moreover, all patients underwent endoscopic ultrasonography to evaluate
the depth of invasion ([Fig. 1]) and computed tomography (CT) to determine the presence of lymph node and/or distant
metastasis.
Fig. 1 Preoperative endoscopic examination before considering EMRO. a submucosal tumor measuring 5 mm, located in the duodenal bulb. b Indigocarmine staining revealing scarring from a previous biopsy in the center of
the lesion. c Endoscopic ultrasonography imaging showing a low echoic tumor located in the third
layer. EMRO, endoscopic muscularis resection with over-the-scope clip
The most critical step in the EMRO procedure is to avoid OTSC misplacement on the
target lesion. OTSC misplacement was defined as deployment of the OTSC just onto the
target lesion during the EMRO procedure. To avoid misplacement, we performed simulation
of OTSC deployment during the preoperative endoscopic examination for all tumors deemed
to be potential candidates for EMRO. The simulation was conducted as follows. First,
an attachment cap (D-201-11804; Olympus) was mounted onto the tip of the endoscope
so that the total length of the endoscope with the attachment cap was roughly similar
to that of the endoscope with the applicator cap when the OTSC was mounted onto the
endoscope tip. Second, we confirmed that the entire target tumor could be suctioned
inside the attachment cap. We estimated the possibility and difficulty of en bloc
resection of the lesion using EMRO ( [Fig.2]).
Fig. 2 Simulation of OTSC deployment. a Image of the tip of the endoscope with a clear attachment cap. The length of the
cap was adjusted and fixed such that the length from the tip of the endoscope to the
cap (6 mm) was roughly the same as the length from the tip of the endoscope to the
tip of the applicator cap when an OTSC was mounted to the tip of the endoscope. b Image of the tip of the endoscope, with a 9 t (11/6 t) OTSC applicator cap. c Successful simulation of OTSC deployment. The image shows that the entire target tumor could be suctioned inside the clear attachment
cap. OTSC, over-the-scope clip.
All patients had been referred from other hospitals, with preoperative biopsy completed
prior to referral to our institution, with the histology of preoperative biopsies
reviewed only by pathologists at the referring hospital. Histopathological assessments
of resected specimens were performed by two experienced pathologists, according to
the classification system of the World Health Organization [14]. In addition, immunohistochemical analysis, using chromogranin A and synaptophysin
as neuroendocrine markers, was performed for accurate diagnosis; classification of
tumors as G1, G2, or G3 was determined using the Ki-67 index.
EMRO procedure
All procedures were performed in an endoscopy room, with the patient under conscious
sedation. EMRO procedures were performed using the same therapeutic endoscope as in
preoperative endoscopy. All procedures were performed using a high-frequency electrosurgical
unit (VIO300D; Erbe Elektromedizin, Tübingen, Germany). First, the target lesion border
was marked using the tip of a 10-mm snare (Captivator II; Boston Scientific, Marlborough,
Massachusetts, United States) in the soft coagulation mode (effect 3, 40 W). Regarding
the types of OTSCs used in the EMRO procedure, the traumatic (t) type for organs with
thin walls was introduced. Then, the upper gastrointestinal endoscope was mounted
with a 9 t (11/6 t) OTSC (9 t, Japanese notation; 11/6 t, overseas notation). The
lesion, including the markings, was sufficiently suctioned into the applicator cap. The
OTSC was successfully deployed outside the markings, creating a target lesion pseudo-polyp. Finally,
the lesion was resected en bloc above the OTSC with a snare, using the endocut mode
(endocut Q, effect 3, duration 1, interval 3). Hemostasis for procedural or delayed
bleeding was attempted using the tip of snare or hemostatic forceps in the soft coagulation
mode (effect 4, 60 W). On the second day after the EMRO procedure, all patients routinely
underwent a second endoscopy to detect any delayed bleeding or perforation ([Fig. 3, ]
[Video 1]).
Fig. 3 EMRO strategy for a representative case. a Four markings were created outside, but as close as possible, to the demarcation
line using the tip of a snare. b A 9 t (11/6 t) OTSC is mounted on the tip of the endoscope and the lesion, including
all markings, is suctioned sufficiently into the applicator cap. c Formation of pseudo-protruding polyps after deployment of an OTSC around the tumor.
d, e The lesion is resected en bloc above the OTSC, with a 10-mm snare, using the endocut
mode on the high-frequency electrosurgical unit. f Muscularis resection defect without perforation or bleeding. g Undersurface view of the en bloc-resected specimen with the muscle layer. h Histopathological examination of the resected specimen with a loupe revealing the
nature of the tumor as a duodenal G1 NET with negative resection margins. The presence
of the muscle layer in the vertical margin is confirmed (hematoxylin and eosin, original
magnification × 20). i Resection defect on the second postoperative day. NET, neuroendocrine tumor; EMRO,
endoscopic muscularis resection with over-the-scope clip; OTSC, over-the-scope clip.
Video 1 EMRO performed for a NET located in the duodenal bulb, showing successful tumor resection
without adverse events. EMRO, endoscopic muscularis resection with over-the-scope
clip; NET, neuroendocrine tumor.
Follow-up
All patients were hospitalized after EMRO for 2 days according to the routine followed
in our institution. Regarding the protocol criteria, oral intake of regular food was
resumed on the day after EMRO. Proton pump inhibitors (rabeprazole 20 mg/day, lansoprazole
30 mg/day, or esomeprazole 20 mg/day) were administered for 2 weeks starting on the
day of the procedure. To evaluate recurrences, patients underwent a first follow-up
endoscopy at 6 months after EMRO. Thereafter, endoscopic follow-up was performed at
12-month intervals. If a residual tumor was suspected, a biopsy was performed, and
the tissue obtained was examined histologically.
Outcome measurements
Primary outcomes were the rates of en bloc and R0 resection (defined as when both
the lateral and vertical margins of the specimen were found to be histologically free
of tumor cells), prevalence of post-EMRO AEs, as well as intraoperative perforation,
delayed perforation, and delayed bleeding rates. Delayed bleeding was diagnosed as
overt bleeding occurring within 14 days after EMRO and requiring an endoscopic hemostatic
procedure using hemostatic forceps. Secondary outcomes were procedure time (defined
as the time from when the endoscope with OTSC was inserted into the patient’s body
to when the endoscope was removed); number of OTSC misplacement cases; pathological
resected specimen/tumor size; invasion depth of tumor; pathological tumor type as
G1, G2, or G3; and pathological resection depth. Theoretically, the resection depth
achievable with EMRO can be classified into three categories according to differences
in the layers of the resected gastrointestinal wall. Resection with a vertical margin
including a substantial portion of the submucosal layer was termed deep submucosal
resection (DSMR); resection with a vertical margin including the muscle layer was
referred to as muscularis resection (MR); and resection with a vertical margin, including
the serosa, was termed full-thickness resection (FTR). All specimens were subjected
to pathological examinations. Quantitative data are expressed as medians and interquartile
ranges. All analyses were performed using SPSS, version 11.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago,
Illinois, United States).
Results
Patient and lesion characteristics
All 13 patients (7 men; median age, 74 years) with 14 DNETs ≤ 10 mm underwent EMRO
during the study period. None of the patients were taking antithrombotic agents.
The patients’ clinicopathological and lesion characteristics are summarized in [Table 1]. Tumors were predominantly located in the bulb (10/14, 71.4 %). The median tumor
size was 6 mm (range 4 to 10).
Table 1
Clinical characteristics of the enrolled patients and characteristics of the duodenal
neuroendocrine tumors.
|
Sex, n (%)
|
|
|
7 (53.8)
|
|
|
6 (46.2)
|
|
Age (years), median (range)
|
74 (58–80)
|
|
Consumption of antithrombotic agents, n (%)
|
0 (0)
|
|
Location, n (%)
|
|
Bulb
|
10 (71.4)
|
|
Descending part
|
4 (28.6)
|
|
Tumor size (mm), median (range)
|
6 (4–10)
|
Therapeutic outcomes
The treatment outcomes of 14 DNETs are summarized in [Table 2]. The median procedure time was 15 minutes (range 10 to 18). During EMRO, no OTSC
misplacements in target lesions occurred. The median pathological resected specimen
size was 10 mm (range 8 to 11), and the median pathological resected tumor size was
6 mm (range 3 to 8).
Table 2
Short-term outcomes of EMRO for duodenal neuroendocrine tumors.
|
Procedure time (min), median (range)
|
15 (10–18)
|
|
OTSC misplacement, n (%)
|
0 (0)
|
|
Pathological resected specimen size (mm), median (range)
|
10 (8–11)
|
|
Pathological tumor size (mm), median (range)
|
6 (3–8)
|
|
Invasion depth, n (%)
|
|
Submucosal layer
|
14 (100)
|
|
Pathological type, n (%)
|
|
NET G1
|
14 (100)
|
|
En bloc resection rate, n (%)
|
14/14 (100)
|
|
R0 resection rate, n (%)
|
13/14 (92.9)
|
|
Lateral margin positive, n (%)
|
0 (0)
|
|
Vertical margin positive, n (%)
|
0 (0)
|
|
Inconclusive, n (%)
|
1 (7.1)
|
|
Lymphovascular invasion, n (%)
|
1 (7.1)
|
|
Pathological resection depth, n (%)
|
|
Deep submucosal resection
|
9 (64.3)
|
|
Muscularis resection
|
5 (35.7)
|
|
Full-thickness resection
|
0 (0)
|
|
Intraoperative perforation, n (%)
|
0 (0)
|
|
Delayed perforation, n (%)
|
0 (0)
|
|
Delayed bleeding, n (%)
|
2 (14.3)
|
|
Follow-up period (months), median (range)
|
12 (7–36)
|
|
Patients who underwent first follow-up endoscopy, n (%)
|
13 (100)
|
|
Local recurrence, n (%)
|
0 (0)
|
|
OTSC retainment in place at 6 months, n (%)
|
2 (14.3)
|
R0 resection was achieved when both the lateral and vertical margins of the specimen
were found to be histologically free of tumor cells.
Procedure time was defined as the time from insertion of the endoscope with OTSC into
the patient’s body to retrieval of the endoscope.
OTSC misplacement was defined as deployment of the OTSC just onto target lesions,
not outside the lesions, during the EMRO procedure.
Final pathological assessments were performed according to the classification system
of the World Health Organization.
Delayed bleeding was diagnosed as overt bleeding occurring within 14 days after EMRO
and requiring an endoscopic hemostatic procedure using hemostatic forceps. Patients
underwent a first follow-up endoscopy at 6 months after EMRO. Thereafter, endoscopic
follow-up was performed at 12-month intervals. If residual tumor was suspected, a
biopsy was performed, and the tissue obtained was examined histologically.
EMRO, endoscopic muscularis resection with OTSC; NET, neuroendocrine tumor; OTSC,
over-the-scope clip
The final pathological diagnosis of tumors revealed that all lesions invaded the submucosal
layer, with a histological diagnosis of NET G1 for all 14 lesions. En bloc and R0
resection rates were 100 % (14/14) and 92.9 % (13/14), respectively. In one case in
which R0 resection could not be achieved, the vertical margin was pathologically diagnosed
as inconclusive. Another case had lymphovascular invasion and, thus, additional surgical
resection was recommended. However, the patient insisted on continued observation.
We, therefore, decided to carefully perform a follow-up endoscopy and abdominal CT
every 6 months. No local recurrence or distant metastasis was noted during the 36
months after resection.
With respect to the pathological resection depth, five cases (64.3 %, 9/14) were categorized
as DSMR and five cases (35.7 %, 5/14) cases were categorized as MR ([Fig. 4]), whereas no case was categorized as FTR. The aforementioned case wherein the vertical
margin was pathologically diagnosed as inconclusive was categorized as DSMR.
Fig. 4 Schematic illustration of the resection depth of EMRO. a Deep submucosal resection (DSMR). b Muscularis resection (MR). EMRO, endoscopic muscularis resection with over-the-scope
clip.
There was no incidence of intraoperative or delayed perforation. Moreover, delayed
bleeding occurred in two (14.3 %, 2/14) patients, which was detected during the second
endoscopic examination performed on the second day after EMRO. Both of these patients
had no symptoms and bleeding in the mucosal defect within the OTSC was easily controlled
by endoscopic coagulation using hemostatic forceps.
Follow-up endoscopy was performed in all patients. At a median follow-up period of
12 months (range 7 to 36) after EMRO, there was no incidence of local recurrence.
On the first follow-up endoscopy performed at 6 months after EMRO, the OTSC was retained
in place in two of 14 (14.3 %) lesions.
Discussion
Endoscopic resection combined with OTSC is a new technique. Al-Bawardy et al. [15] reported only three cases and Sarker et al. [16] and Kappelle et al. [17] reported only four cases of DNETs each. Therefore, to the best of our knowledge,
our study comprises the largest number of DNETs treated with OTSC reported to date.
Among the several endoscopic resections for DNETs reported, ESMR-L [5]
[6]
[7] and ESD [4]
[8]
[9] are the mainly used standard methods. In general, ESMR-L is considered technically
easy, safe, and inexpensive. Moreover, most of the endoscopists get used to performing
ESMR-L in rectal NETs [18]
[19]. In terms of technical ease, implementation of EMRO for DNETs requires a learning
curve. EMRO for DNETs should be performed by an endoscopist who is experienced in
duodenal endoscopic resection and OTSC procedures. However, perforation has even been
reported in patients treated with ESMR-L [7]. Furthermore, ESD for DNETs takes more time [4]
[9] and is challenging because of the high risk of perforation [9]. When comparing EMRO to the above duodenal endoscopic resection techniques in terms
of R0 resection rate and AEs, the R0 resection rate was 92.9 % and the intraoperative
or delayed perforation rate was 0 %, suggesting that EMRO considerably reduces intraoperative
and delayed perforation risks while achieving relatively higher R0 resection rates.
However, EMRO is still an inadequate technique for securing the vertical margin because
FTR was not achieved in any case and MR was achieved in only 35.7 % of cases. Similarly,
Sarker et al. reported that FTR was not achieved in any patient with DNET [16]. On the other hand, we previously reported a case of rectal NET, wherein FTR was
achieved by EMRO [20]. The EMRO procedure was consistently performed for all cases and the operator could
not adjust the resection depth. Based on our results, it would be extremely difficult
to achieve FTR by EMRO in the duodenum; thus, to reliably achieve R0 resection, it
is reasonable to target tumors that are expected to be located within the deepest
layer of the submucosa. However, in the present study, the case in which the vertical
margin was pathologically diagnosed as inconclusive was resected with a vertical margin,
including a deep submucosal layer. Therefore, further device and technical modifications
(i. e., the shape of the clip and snare, depth of the cap, etc.) for achieving at
least MR at a high rate are necessary in the near future.
In our study, there were no intraoperative and delayed perforations and all patients
were discharged from the hospital on post-EMRO Day 2. The short hospital stay is an
important advantage of EMRO. However, Kappelle et al. [17] reported that one case of perforation occurred after endoscopic full-thickness resection
(EFTR) using a different type of OTSC than the one we used in this study. Because
perforation can occur in EMRO, it is necessary to cut the lesion instantly using the
endocut mode, being careful not to contact or get caught in the OTSC during snaring.
Cases of delayed bleeding (2/14 cases, 14.3 %) can be easily managed with endoscopic
coagulation ([Fig. 5]). However, the delayed bleeding rate in our study was higher than the previously
reported rates for ESMR-L [5]
[6]
[7] and ESD [4]
[8]
[9]. Therefore, when performing prophylactic endoscopic coagulation of a mucosal defect
to the fullest extent possible, even without bleeding immediately after resection,
it is recommended that surgeons always perform a second endoscopy on the next day
after EMRO. Nevertheless, because the OTSC is made from a nitinol-based metal, it
is important to consider that coagulation can conduct heat to the OTSC, resulting
in delayed perforation due to thermal damage to the duodenal mucosa. Fortunately,
no cases of delayed perforation were observed after endoscopic treatment using OTSC
with coagulation, in the present study, or in our previous report [12] or any other reports. However, from a safety perspective, coagulation should be
kept to the minimum required and direct coagulation with the OTSC and at high-frequency
setting should be avoided. Otherwise, additional clipping of the mucosal defect within
the OTSC after EMRO is also considered one of the methods to prevent delayed bleeding.
However, we have tried it in several cases, but it failed because the clips were repelled
by the OTSC.
Fig. 5 Hemostasis for delayed bleeding after EMRO. a Delayed bleeding in the mucosal defect within the OTSC on the second postoperative
day in this case. b, c Endoscopic images showing complete control of the bleeding using hemostatic forceps,
without perforation. EMRO, endoscopic muscularis resection with over-the-scope clip;
OTSC, over-the-scope clip.
Recently, a dedicated FTR device (FTRD; Ovesco Endoscopy AG) was made commercially
available for mainly colorectal EFTR in Europe and the United States [21]
[22]
[23]. However, this device has not yet been approved for use in Japan. Thus, we could
not consider FTRD and used a commercially available OTSC for endoscopic resection
of the duodenal lesions. In the meta-analysis by Brewer et al. regarding FTR using
OTSC and FTRD, a high overall R0 resection rate was observed (81 % for upper gastroinestinal
subepithelial lesions) [24]. Similarly, in our study, the R0 resection rate was 92.9 %. Thus, EMRO has been
shown to be available for endoscopic resection of subepithelial lesions, such as DNETs.
The EMRO also has some disadvantages. First, the cost-effectiveness should be considered.
A single OTSC costs approximately $800 or €600. Therefore, EMRO costs more than other
conventional endoscopic resections. Currently, the use of OTSC for endoscopic resection
is off-label, at least in Japan. Therefore, the medical fee points are calculated
as a conventional EMR for duodenal tumors and the cost of the OTSC is paid by the
hospital. Second, once an OTSC is placed inappropriately, such as just onto the target
lesion, it is difficult to continue the resection. In our study, there were no OTSC
misplacements. Currently, some OTSC removal methods, using clip cutting devices, have
been reported, including: argon plasma coagulation [25]; the Nd:YAG laser [26]; and the remOVE system (DC Cutter; Ovesco Endoscopy) [27]. Among the three cutting devices, the remOVE system has been reported to be the
safest and most effective in the clinical studies. However, this device has not yet
been approved for use in Japan. It is expected to be introduced in clinical practice
as soon as possible. Use of other removal methods, such as grasping forceps [28], EMR/ESD [29] and ice-cold saline solution [30], also have been reported. The safety and efficacy of these methods are uncertain
because they have been described in only a few cases; moreover, the use of these methods
is not recommended because they can cause new severe AEs [31]. Considering the above, intentional removal of an OTSC is not realistic; for this
reason, sufficient preoperative simulation of OTSC deployment is recommended, as well
as limitation of the target to only lesions in which the OTSC can be reliably deployed.
Third, it is technically very difficult to perform repeat endoscopic resection of
residual and recurrent lesions that are located within the retained OTSC. In our study,
the OTSC was retained in 14.3 % of the lesions. If the OTSC is removed naturally or
by the aforementioned removal methods, residual and recurrent lesions can be resected
with EMRO [32]; if they cannot be removed, surgical resection may be considered [21].
The limitations of our study should be acknowledged. First, this was a single-center
study with a small sample size, retrospective design, and lack of a control group,
which might have introduced a selection bias. Second, all procedures were performed
by a single experienced endoscopist and the outcomes could not be directly generalized.
Third, this study had a short follow-up period and, thus, long-term follow-up outcomes
are not available. Thus, prospective, multicenter, randomized controlled trials with
larger sample sizes are warranted to establish the clinical usefulness of EMRO, to
fully confirm its safety and effectiveness, and to investigate its long-term outcomes.
Conclusion
EMRO can be performed safely by an experienced endoscopist on small DNETs (≤ 10 mm).
Further comparative studies are required to evaluate the safety and efficacy of EMRO
compared to other endoscopic resection techniques.
