Psychotherapie nach einem Suizidversuch

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG

Suizidversuche gelten als einer der wichtigsten Risikofaktoren für Suizide. Vor diesem Hintergrund wurden in den vergangenen Jahren verschiedene Psychotherapieangebote für Personen nach einem Suizidversuch entwickelt und evaluiert. Im Rahmen des Artikels wird der Stand der Effektivitätsforschung skizziert, ein Beispiel für ein wirksames suizidfokussiertes Psychotherapieprogramm wird vorgestellt und der gegenwärtige Forschungs- und Wissenstand wird kritisch reflektiert. Grundsätzlich kommt der suizidspezifischen Psychotherapie in der individuumzentrierten Suizidprävention besondere Bedeutung zu; die empirische Fundierung und Dissemination entsprechender Programme ist jedoch noch unzureichend.

Abstract

Suicide attempts are considered one of the most important risk factors for suicide. Against this background, various psychotherapeutic treatments for people after a suicide attempt have been developed and evaluated in recent years. In this article, the current evidence from efficacy research is summarized, an example of an effective suicide-focused psychotherapy program is presented, and the current state of research and knowledge is critically reflected. In principle, suicide-specific psychotherapy is of particular importance in individual-centered suicide prevention; however, the empirical foundation and dissemination of specific treatments is still insufficient.

Schlüsselwörter

Suizid - Suizidprävention - Psychotherapie - kognitive Verhaltenstherapie

Key words

Suicide - suicide prevention - psychotherapy - cognitive behavioral therapy

Publication History

Article published online:
31 August 2021

• Literatur

• 1 Statistisches Bundesamt. Todesursachenstatistik. www.destatis.de 2021
• 2 Nock MK, Borges G, Ono Y. Suicide. Global perspectives from the WHO World Mental Health Survey. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2014
• 3 Franklin JC, Ribeiro JD, Fox KR. et al Risk factors for suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Psychol Bull 2017; 143: 187-232
• 4 Caroll R, Metcalfe C, Gunnell D. Hospital presenting self-harm and risk of fatal and non-fatal repetition. PLOS One 2014; 9
• 5 Fox KR, Huang X, Guzmán EM. et al Interventions for suicide and self-injury: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials across nearly 50 years of research. Psychol Bull 2020; 146: 1117-1145
• 6 Gøtzsche PC, Gøtzsche PK. Cognitive behavioural therapy halves the risk of repeated suicide attempts: systematic review. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 2017; 110: 404-410
• 7 Calati R, Courtet P. Is psychotherapy effective for reducing suicide attempt and nonsuicidal self-injury rates? Meta-analysis and meta-regression of literature data. Journal of Psych Res 2016; 79: 8-20
• 8 Hawton K, Witt KG, Taylor Salisbury TL. et al Psychosocial interventions for self-harm in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2016; 5 No:CD012189
• 9 Guthrie E, Kapur N, Mackway-Jones K. et al Randomised controlled trial of brief psychological intervention after deliberate self poisoning. BMJ 2001; 323: 135-138
• 10 Gysin-Maillart A, Michel K. Kurztherapie nach Suizidversuch. ASSIP–Attempted Suicide Short Intervention Program. Bern: Huber; 2013
• 11 Gysin-Maillart A, Schwab S, Soravia L. et al A novel brief therapy for attempted suicide: Two-year follow-up randomized controlled study of the Attempted Suicide Short Intervention Program (ASSIP). PLOS Medicine 2016; 13 e1001968
• 12 Brown GK, TenHave H, Henriques G. et al Cognitive therapy for the prevention of suicide attempts. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2005; 294: 563-570
• 13 Rudd MD, Bryan CJ, Wertenberger EG. et al Brief cognitive-behavioral therapy effects on post-treatment suicide attempts in a military sample: results of a randomized clinical trial with 2-year follow up. Am J Psychiat 2015; 172: 441-449
• 14 Bryan CJ, Rudd MD. Brief cognitive-behavioral therapy for suicide prevention New York: Guilford Press; 2018
• 15 Wenzel A, Brown G, Beck AT. Cognitive therapy for suicidal patients: scientific and clinical applications Washington: American Psychological Association; 2009
• 16 DeCou CR, Comtois KA, Landes SJ. et al Dialectical behavior therapy is effective for the treatment of suicidal behavior: a meta-analysis. Behav Ther 2019; 50: 60-72
• 17 Linehan M, Comtois K, Murray A. et al Two-year randomized controlled trial and follow-up of dialectical behavior therapy vs. therapy by experts for suicidal behaviors and borderline personality disorder. Arch Gen Psychiat 2006; 63: 757-1401
• 18 Meerwijk EL, Parekh A, Oquendo MA. et al Direct and indirect psychosocial and behavioral interventions to prevent suicide and suicide attempt: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiat 2016; 3: 544-554
• 19 Joiner TE. Why people die by suicide Cambridge: Harvard University Press; 2005
• 20 O‘Connor RC, Kirtley O. The integrated motivational-volitional model of suicidal behaviour. Philos Trans R Soc B 2018; 373-1754
• 21 Wenzel A, Beck A. A cognitive model of suicidal behavior: theory and treatment. Appl Prev Psychol 2008; 12: 189-201
• 22 Klonsky ED, May AM. The three-step theory (3ST): a new theory of suicide rooted in the “ideation-to-action” framework. Int J Cog Ther 2015; 8: 114-129
• 23 Teismann T, Friedrich S. Therapie-Tools: Suizidalität und Krisenintervention im Erwachsenenalter. Weinheim: Beltz; 2021
• 24 Ghahramanlou-Holloway M, LaCroix JM, Perera KU. et al Inpatient psychiatric care following a suicide-related hospitalization: A pilot trial of Post-Admission Cognitive Therapy in a military medical center. Gen Hospit Psychiat 2020; 63: 46-53
• 25 Britton P, Patrick H, Wenzel A. et al Integrating motivational interviewing and self-determination theory with cognitive behavioral therapy to prevent suicide. Cog Behav Prac 2011; 18: 16-27
• 26 Cuijpers P, van Straten A, Bohlmeijer E. et al The effects of psychotherapy for adult depression are overestimated: a meta-analysis of study quality and effect size. Psychol Med 2010; 40: 211-223
• 27 Fleischmann A, Bertolote J, Wasserman D. et al Effectiveness of brief intervention and contact for suicide attempters: a randomized controlled trial in five countries. Bull WHO 2008; 86: 703-709
• 28 Kokkevi A, Rotsika V, Arapaki A. et al Adolescents’ self-reported suicide attempts, self-harm thoughts and their correlates across 17 European countries. J Child Psychol Psychiat 2012; 53: 393-389
• 29 Glenn CR, Esposito EC, Porter AC. et al Evidence base update of psychosocial treatments for self-injurious thoughts and behaviors in youth. J Clin Child Adolesc Psycho 2019; 48: 357-392
• 30 Bschor T. Antidepressiva. Berlin: Süd-West Verlag; 2018
• 31 Plöderl M. Antidepressiva in der Suizidprävention - eine kritische Bestandsaufnahme. Suizidprophylax 2019; 46: 53-65
• 32 Plöderl M, Volkmann C. Esketamin. Esketamin. Ein berechtigter Hype in der Suizidprävention? Suizidprophylax 2020; 48: 10-14
• 33 Hom MA, Bauer BW, Stanley IH. et al Suicide attempt survivors’ recommendations for improving mental health treatment for attempt survivors. Psychol Serv 2020;
• 34 Hom MA, Stanley IH, Joiner TE. Evaluating factors and interventions that influence help seeking and mental health service utilization among suicidal individuals. Clin Psychol Rev 2015; 40: 28-39