Harnblasentumoren als Langzeitfolge einer Querschnittlähmung – Bedeutung für die Praxis

Zusammenfassung

Das Harnblasenkarzinom ist, nach dem Lungenkrebs, bei Querschnittgelähmten die zweithäufigste zum Tode führende Tumorerkrankung. Die vorliegende Arbeit gibt einen umfassenden Überblick über die für den Urologen wichtigen Unterschiede im Vergleich zu Harnblasentumoren in der Allgemeinbevölkerung.

Querschnittgelähmte sind zum Zeitpunkt der Tumordiagnose im Durchschnitt 1 bis 2 Jahrzehnte jünger als Patienten ohne Querschnittlähmung. Der histopathologische Befund bei Erstdiagnose eines Harnblasenkarzinoms bei Menschen mit Querschnittlähmung ist wesentlich ungünstiger als bei Harnblasenkarzinomen in der Allgemeinbevölkerung. Muskelinvasive Tumoren und Tumoren mit geringer Differenzierung sind wesentlich häufiger und der Anteil an Plattenepithelkarzinomen ist deutlich erhöht. Die Häufigkeit nimmt nach über 10 Lähmungsjahren zu. Die Harnblasenkarzinom-Mortalität ist deutlich erhöht und steigt mit zunehmender Lähmungsdauer an.

Bei diagnostischen Eingriffen und insbesondere bei der radikalen Zystektomie sind klinisch wichtige Besonderheiten zu beachten. So können z. B. urodynamische Untersuchungen oder eine Zystoskopie eine Autonome Dysreflexie mit hypertensiven Krisen und der Gefahr einer lebensbedrohlichen Bradykardie triggern.

Bei einer radikalen Zystektomie sind intraoperativ u.a. die häufig auftretenden Verwachsungen und Verschwielungen der Harnblase zu beachten. Postoperativ treten u.a. häufig, bedingt durch die neurogene Störung des Darmes, schwere Paralysen und prolongierte Darmatonien auf. Die unmittelbar nach der Operation vorzunehmende Lagerung der Patienten zur Vermeidung von Dekubiti und zur Unterstützung der Atmung sowie das Querschnittgelähmten-spezifische Darmmanagement sind unbedingt zu beachten. Weitere Besonderheiten bei querschnittgelähmten Patienten mit Harnblasenkarzinom, die auch in der klinischen Praxis Beachtung finden sollten, sowie Überlegungen zum Screening nach Harnblasentumoren werden im Beitrag dargestellt.

Abstract

Urinary bladder cancer is the second most common tumour disease after lung cancer leading to death in people with a spinal cord injury. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the differences relevant to urologists between urinary bladder tumours in this population compared with urinary bladder tumours in the general population.

People with a spinal cord injury are 1 to 2 decades younger on average at the time of tumour diagnosis than patients without a spinal cord injury. Histopathologic findings at the initial diagnosis of urinary bladder cancer in people with a spinal cord injury are much less favourable than for urinary bladder cancers in the general population. Muscle-invasive tumours and tumours with poor differentiation are much more common, and the proportion of squamous cell carcinomas is significantly higher. The incidence rises after more than 10 years of paralysis. Urinary bladder cancer mortality is significantly elevated and increases with the duration of paralysis. In diagnostic procedures and, in particular, in radical cystectomy, clinically important features have to be considered. For example, urodynamic examinations or cystoscopy may trigger autonomic dysreflexia with hypertensive crises and the risk of life-threatening bradycardia.

In the case of radical cystectomy, frequent adhesions and callosities of the urinary bladder, among other things, must be taken into account intraoperatively. Severe paralysis, prolonged intestinal atony and other conditions are frequently observed after the surgical procedure due to neurogenic bowel dysfunction. Correct positioning of the patient immediately after surgery to avoid decubitus and to support breathing, as well as bowel management specific to spinal cord injury, must be strictly observed.

Other special features of paraplegic patients with urinary bladder cancer that should also be considered in clinical practice, as well as considerations for screening for urinary bladder tumors, are presented in the article.

Schlüsselwörter

neurogene Harnblasenfunktionsstörung - urodynamische Untersuchung - Zystoskopie - radikale Zystektomie - Screening

Keywords

urodynamic study - cystoscopy - radical cystectomy - screening - neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction

Publication History

Received: 24 August 2021

Accepted after revision: 27 October 2021

Article published online:
21 December 2021

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