Stellungnahme von BVA, DOG und RG zur Chorioretinopathia centralis serosa (CCS)^[*]

Allgemeine Statements

Definition

• Die Chorioretinopathia centralis serosa (CCS) ist eine ein- oder beidseitig auftretende Erkrankung der Makula, die initial mit einer Schwellung der Aderhaut und einer Ansammlung von subretinaler Flüssigkeit einhergeht.

 

MissingLinkText

^* Diese Leitlinie erscheint auch in der Zeitschrift Der Ophthalmologe, Springer Verlag, Heidelberg. Das Redaktionskomitee dieser Stellungnahme wird am Beitragsende gelistet.

Publication History

Article published online:
24 February 2022

• Literatur

• 1 Alkin Z, Osmanbasoglu OA, Ozkaya A. et al. Topical nepafenac in treatment of acute central serous chorioretinopathy. Med Hypothesis Discov Innov Ophthalmol 2013; 2: 96-101
• 2 Ayata A, Tatlipinar S, Kar T. et al. Near-infrared and short-wavelength autofluorescence imaging in central serous chorioretinopathy. Br J Ophthalmol 2009; 93: 79-82
• 3 Azad AD, Zhou M, Afshar AR. et al. Systemic corticosteroid use after central serous chorioretinopathy diagnosis. Ophthalmology 2021; 128: 121-129
• 4 Bae SH, Heo JW, Kim C. et al. A randomized pilot study of low-fluence photodynamic therapy versus intravitreal ranibizumab for chronic central serous chorioretinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol 2011; 152: 784-792.e2
• 5 Battaglia Parodi M, Da Pozzo S, Ravalico G. Photodynamic therapy in chronic central serous chorioretinopathy. Retina 2003; 23: 235-237
• 6 Bonini Filho MA, de Carlo TE, Ferrara D. et al. Association of choroidal neovascularization and central serous chorioretinopathy with optical coherence tomography angiography. JAMA Ophthalmol 2015; 133: 899-906
• 7 Borrelli E, Sarraf D, Freund KB. et al. OCT angiography and evaluation of the choroid and choroidal vascular disorders. Prog Retin Eye Res 2018; 67: 30-55
• 8 Bousquet E, Beydoun T, Rothschild P-R. et al. Spironolactone for nonresolving central serous chorioretinopathy. Retina 2015; 35: 2505-2515
• 9 Bousquet E, Bonnin S, Mrejen S. et al. Optical coherence tomography angiography of flat irregular pigment epithelium detachment in chronic central serous chorioretinopathy. Retina 2018; 38: 629-638
• 10 Bujarborua D. Long-term follow-up of idiopathic central serous chorioretinopathy without laser. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 2001; 79: 417-421
• 11 Bujarborua D, Chatterjee S, Choudhury A. et al. Fluorescein angiographic features of asymptomatic eyes in central serous chorioretinopathy. Retina 2005; 25: 422-429
• 12 Bujarborua D, Nagpal PN, Deka M. Smokestack leak in central serous chorioretinopathy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2010; 248: 339-351
• 13 Caccavale A, Romanazzi F, Imparato M. et al. Low-dose aspirin as treatment for central serous chorioretinopathy. Clin Ophthalmol 2010; 4: 899-903
• 14 Cakir B, Reich M, Lang S. et al. OCT angiography of the choriocapillaris in central serous chorioretinopathy: a quantitative subgroup analysis. Ophthalmol Ther 2019; 8: 75-86
• 15 Chan W-M, Lam DSC, Lai TYY. et al. Choroidal vascular remodelling in central serous chorioretinopathy after indocyanine green guided photodynamic therapy with verteporfin: a novel treatment at the primary disease level. Br J Ophthalmol 2003; 87: 1453-1458
• 16 Chan W-M, Lai TYY, Lai RYK. et al. Half-dose verteporfin photodynamic therapy for acute central serous chorioretinopathy: one-year results of a randomized controlled trial. Ophthalmology 2008; 115: 1756-1765
• 17 Chen S-N, Hwang J-F, Tseng L-F. et al. Subthreshold diode micropulse photocoagulation for the treatment of chronic central serous chorioretinopathy with juxtafoveal leakage. Ophthalmology 2008; 115: 2229-2234
• 18 Chen ZJ, Lu SY, Rong SS. et al. Genetic associations of central serous chorioretinopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Ophthalmol 2021;
• 19 Cheng C-K, Chang C-K, Peng C-H. Comparison of photodynamic therapy using half-dose of verteporfin or half-fluence of laser light for the treatment of chronic central serous chorioretinopathy. Retina 2017; 37: 325-333
• 20 Cheung CMG, Lee WK, Koizumi H. et al. Pachychoroid disease. Eye (Lond) 2019; 33: 14-33
• 21 Chong C-F, Yang D, Pham TQ. et al. A novel treatment of central serous chorioretinopathy with topical anti-inflammatory therapy. BMJ Case Rep 2012; 2012: bcr2012006970
• 22 Chuang EL, Sharp DM, Fitzke FW. et al. Retinal dysfunction in central serous retinopathy. Eye (Lond) 1987; 1: 120-125
• 23 Chung Y-R, Seo EJ, Lew HM. et al. Lack of positive effect of intravitreal bevacizumab in central serous chorioretinopathy: meta-analysis and review. Eye (Lond) 2013; 27: 1339-1346
• 24 Daruich A, Matet A, Dirani A. et al. Central serous chorioretinopathy: recent findings and new physiopathology hypothesis. Prog Retin Eye Res 2015; 48: 82-118
• 25 Daruich A, Matet A, Marchionno L, De Azevedo J-D. Acute central serous chorioretinopathy: factors influencing episode duration. Retina 2017; 37: 1905-1915
• 26 Delori FC, Dorey CK, Staurenghi G. et al. In vivo fluorescence of the ocular fundus exhibits retinal pigment epithelium lipofuscin characteristics. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1995; 36: 718-729
• 27 Desai UR, Alhalel AA, Campen TJ. et al. Central serous chorioretinopathy in African Americans. J Natl Med Assoc 2003; 95: 553-559
• 28 van Dijk EHC, Fauser S, Breukink MB. et al. Half-dose photodynamic therapy versus high-density subthreshold micropulse laser treatment in patients with chronic central serous chorioretinopathy. Ophthalmology 2018; 125: 1547-1555
• 29 Ficker L, Vafidis G, While A. et al. Long-term follow-up of a prospective trial of argon laser photocoagulation in the treatment of central serous retinopathy. Br J Ophthalmol 1988; 72: 829-834
• 30 Fok ACT, Chan PPM, Lam DSC. et al. Risk factors for recurrence of serous macular detachment in untreated patients with central serous chorioretinopathy. Ophthalmic Res 2011; 46: 160-163
• 31 Forooghian F, Meleth AD, Cukras C. et al. Finasteride for chronic central serous chorioretinopathy. Retina 2011; 31: 766-771
• 32 French DD, Margo CE. Central serous chorioretinopathy and phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors: a case-control postmarketing surveillance study. Retina 2010; 30: 271-274
• 33 Gäckle HC, Lang GE, Freissler KA. et al. Central serous chorioretinopathy. Clinical, fluorescein angiography and demographic aspects. Ophthalmologe 1998; 95: 529-533
• 34 de Gasparo M, Joss U, Ramjoué HP. et al. Three new epoxy-spirolactone derivatives: characterization in vivo and in vitro. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1987; 240: 650-656
• 35 Gass JD. Pathogenesis of disciform detachment of the neuroepithelium. Am J Ophthalmol 1967; 63: 1-139
• 36 Gass JD, Little H. Bilateral bullous exudative retinal detachment complicating idiopathic central serous chorioretinopathy during systemic corticosteroid therapy. Ophthalmology 1995; 102: 737-747
• 37 Gilbert CM, Owens SL, Smith PD. et al. Long-term follow-up of central serous chorioretinopathy. Br J Ophthalmol 1984; 68: 815-820
• 38 Haimovici R, Rumelt S, Melby J. Endocrine abnormalities in patients with central serous chorioretinopathy. Ophthalmology 2003; 110: 698-703
• 39 Heinrich MR. Central serous retinopathy and alpha-blockaders. Bull Soc Ophtalmol Fr 1974; 74: 681-683
• 40 Ho M, Lai FHP, Ng DSC. et al. Analysis of choriocapillaris perfusion and choroidal layer changes in patients with chronic central serous chorioretinopathy randomised to micropulse laser or photodynamic therapy. Br J Ophthalmol 2021; 105: 555-560
• 41 Hu J, Qu J, Li M. et al. Optical coherence tomography angiography-guided photodynamic therapy for acute central serous chorioretinopathy. Retina 2021; 41: 189-198
• 42 Iacono P, Battaglia PM, Papayannis A. et al. Acute central serous chorioretinopathy: a correlation study between fundus autofluorescence and spectral-domain OCT. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2015; 253: 1889-1897
• 43 Iida T, Yannuzzi LA, Spaide RF. et al. Cystoid macular degeneration in chronic central serous chorioretinopathy. Retina 2003; 23: 1-7 quiz 137–138
• 44 Jain AK, Kaines A, Schwartz S. Bilateral central serous chorioretinopathy resolving rapidly with treatment for obstructive sleep apnea. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2010; 248: 1037-1039
• 45 de Jong EK, Breukink MB, Schellevis RL. et al. Chronic central serous chorioretinopathy is associated with genetic variants implicated in age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology 2015; 122: 562-570
• 46 Katsimpris JM, Pournaras CJ, Sehgelmeble CW. et al. Severe bilateral central serous chorioretinopathy in a black patient: 16 years follow-up. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2007; 245: 460-463
• 47 Karakus SH, Basarir B, Pinarci EY. et al. Long-term results of half-dose photodynamic therapy for chronic central serous chorioretinopathy with contrast sensitivity changes. Eye 2013; 27: 612-620
• 48 Kim KS, Lee WK, Lee SB. Half-dose photodynamic therapy targeting the leakage point on the fluorescein angiography in acute central serous chorioretinopathy: a pilot study. Am J Ophthalmol 2014; 157: 366-373.e1
• 49 Kitaya N, Nagaoka T, Hikichi T. et al. Features of abnormal choroidal circulation in central serous chorioretinopathy. Br J Ophthalmol 2003; 87: 709-712
• 50 Kitzmann AS, Pulido JS, Diehl NN. et al. The incidence of central serous chorioretinopathy in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1980–2002. Ophthalmology 2008; 115: 169-173
• 51 Koss MJ, Beger I, Koch FH. Subthreshold diode laser micropulse photocoagulation versus intravitreal injections of bevacizumab in the treatment of central serous chorioretinopathy. Eye (Lond) 2012; 26: 307-314
• 52 Kozak I, Oster SF, Cortes MA. et al. Clinical Evaluation and Treatment Accuracy in Diabetic Macular Edema Using Navigated Laser Photocoagulator NAVILAS. Ophthalmol 2011; 118: 1119-1124
• 53 Lai TYY, Staurenghi G, Lanzetta P. et al. MINERVA study group. Efficacy and safety of ranibizumab for the treatment of choroidal neovascularization due to uncommon cause: twelve-month results of the MINERVA study. Retina 2018; 38: 1464-1477
• 54 Lainscak M, Pelliccia F, Rosano G. et al. Safety profile of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists: spironolactone and eplerenone. Int J Cardiol 2015; 200: 25-29
• 55 Lavinsky D, Sramek C, Wang J. et al. Subvisible retinal laser therapy: titration algorithm and tissue response. Retina 2014; 34: 87-97
• 56 Leaver P, Williams C. Argon laser photocoagulation in the treatment of central serous retinopathy. Br J Ophthalmol 1979; 63: 674-677
• 57 Lee H, Lee J, Chung H. et al. Baseline spectral domain optical coherence tomographic hyperreflective foci as a predictor of visual outcome and recurrence for central serous chorioretinopathy. Retina 2016; 36: 1372-1380
• 58 Lim JI, Spee C, Hinton DR. A comparison of hypoxia-inducible factor-alpha in surgically excised neovascular membranes of patients with diabetes compared with idiopathic epiretinal membranes in nondiabetic patients. Retina 2010; 30: 1472-1478
• 59 Lipowski ZJ, Kiriakos RZ. Psychosomatic aspects of central serous retinopathy. A review and case report. Psychosomatics 1971; 12: 398-401
• 60 Liu B, Deng T, Zhang J. Risk factors for central serous chorioretinopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Retina 2016; 36: 9-19
• 61 Lotery A, Sivaprasad S, OʼConnell A. et al. Eplerenone for chronic central serous chorioretinopathy in patients with active, previously untreated disease for more than 4 months (VICI): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2020; 395: 294-303
• 62 Ma J, Meng N, Xu X. et al. System review and meta-analysis on photodynamic therapy in central serous chorioretinopathy. Acta Ophthalmol 2014; 92: e594-e601
• 63 Maruko I, Iida T, Sugano Y. et al. Subfoveal choroidal thickness after treatment of central serous chorioretinopathy. Ophthalmology 2010; 117: 1792-1799
• 64 Matet A, Daruich A, Zola M. et al. Risk factors for recurrences of central serous chorioretinopathy. Retina 2018; 38: 1403-1414
• 65 Matsumoto H, Kishi S, Otani T. et al. Elongation of photoreceptor outer segment in central serous chorioretinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol 2008; 145: 162-168
• 66 Meyerle CB, Freund KB, Bhatnagar P. et al. Ketoconazole in the treatment of chronic idiopathic central serous chorioretinopathy. Retina 2007; 27: 943-946
• 67 Mohabati D, van Rijssen TJ, van Dijk EH. et al. Clinical characteristics and long-term visual outcome of severe phenotypes of chronic central serous chorioretinopathy. Clin Ophthalmol 2018; 12: 1061-1070
• 68 Mohabati D, Hoyng CB, Yzer S. et al. Clinical characteristics and outcome of posterior cystoid macular degeneration in chronic central serous chorioretinopathy. Retina 2020; 40: 1742-1750
• 69 Mohabati D, Boon CJF, Yzer S. Risk of recurrence and transition to chronic disease in acute central serous chorioretinopathy. Clin Ophthalmol 2020; 14: 1165-1175
• 70 Nicholson B, Noble J, Forooghian F. et al. Central serous chorioretinopathy: update on pathophysiology and treatment. Surv Ophthalmol 2013; 58: 103-126
• 71 Nicholson BP, Atchison E, Idris AA. et al. Central serous chorioretinopathy and glucocorticoids: an update on evidence for association. Surv Ophthalmol 2018; 63: 1-8
• 72 Nicolò M, Zoli D, Musolino M. et al. Association between the efficacy of half-dose photodynamic therapy with indocyanine green angiography and optical coherence tomography findings in the treatment of central serous chorioretinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol 2012; 153: 474-480.e1
• 73 Nielsen JS, Jampol LM. Oral mifepristone for chronic central serous chorioretinopathy. Retina 2011; 31: 1928-1936
• 74 OʼKeefe JH, Abuissa H, Pitt B. Eplerenone improves prognosis in postmyocardial infarction diabetic patients with heart failure: results from EPHESUS. Diabetes Obes Metab 2008; 10: 492-497
• 75 Park D-G, Jeong S, Noh D. et al. Optimal fluence rate of photodynamic therapy for chronic central serous chorioretinopathy. Br J Ophthalmol 2021; 105: 844-849
• 76 Peiretti E, Ferrara DC, Caminiti G. et al. Choroidal neovascularization in caucasian patients with longstanding central serous chorioretinopathy. Retina 2015; 35: 1360-1367
• 77 Piccolino FC, De La Longrais RR, Manea M. et al. Posterior cystoid retinal degeneration in central serous chorioretinopathy. Retina 2008; 28: 1008-1012
• 78 Pichi F, Carrai P, Ciardella A. et al. Central Serous Chorioretinopathy Study Group. Comparison of two mineralcorticosteroids receptor antagonists for the treatment of central serous chorioretinopathy. Int Ophthalmol 2017; 37: 1115-1125
• 79 Pikkel J, Beiran I, Ophir A. et al. Acetazolamide for central serous retinopathy. Ophthalmology 2002; 109: 1723-1725
• 80 Pitt B, Bakris G, Ruilope LM. et al. EPHESUS Investigators. Serum potassium and clinical outcomes in the eplerenone post-acute myocardial infarction heart failure efficacy and survival study (EPHESUS). Circulation 2008; 118: 1643-1650
• 81 Quaranta-El Maftouhi M, El Maftouhi A, Eandi CM. Chronic central serous chorioretinopathy imaged by optical coherence tomographic angiography. Am J Ophthalmol 2015; 160: 581-587.e1
• 82 Rabiolo A, Bandello F. Eplerenone is not superior to placebo for chronic central serous chorioretinopathy. Lancet 2020; 395: 252-253
• 83 Rahbani-Nobar MB, Javadzadeh A, Ghojazadeh L. et al. The effect of helicobacter pylori treatment on remission of idiopathic central serous chorioretinopathy. Mol Vis 2011; 17: 99-103
• 84 Rahimy E, Pitcher JD, Hsu J. et al. A randomized double-blind placebo-control pilot study of eplerenone for the treatment of central serous chorioretinopathy (ECSELSIOR). Retina 2018; 38: 962-969
• 85 Reibaldi M, Cardascia N, Longo A. et al. Standard-fluence versus low-fluence photodynamic therapy in chronic central serous chorioretinopathy: a nonrandomized clinical trial. Am J Ophthalmol 2010; 149: 307-315.e2
• 86 Reich M, Boehringer D, Rothaus K. et al. Swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography alleviates shadowing artifacts caused by subretinal fluid. Int Ophthalmol 2020; 40: 2007-2016
• 87 van Rijssen TJ, van Dijk EHC, Dijkman G. et al. Clinical characteristics of chronic central serous chorioretinopathy patients with insufficient response to reduced-settings photodynamic therapy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2018; 256: 1395-1402
• 88 van Rijssen TJ, van Dijk EHC, Yzer S. et al. Central serous chorioretinopathy: towards an evidence-based treatment guideline. Prog Retin Eye Res 2019; 73: 100770
• 89 van Rijssen TJ, van Dijk EHC, Scholz P. et al. Focal and diffuse chronic central serous chorioretinopathy treated with half-dose photodynamic therapy or subthreshold micropulse laser: PLACE trial report no. 3. Am J Ophthalmol 2019; 205: 1-10
• 90 van Rijssen TJ, van Dijk EHC, Scholz P. et al. Crossover to photodynamic therapy or micropulse laser after failure of primary treatment of chronic central serous chorioretinopathy: the REPLACE trial. Am J Ophthalmol 2020; 216: 80-89
• 91 van Rijssen TJ, van Dijk EHC, Scholz P. et al. Long-term follow-up of chronic central serous chorioretinopathy after successful treatment with photodynamic therapy or micropulse laser. Acta Ophthalmol 2021;
• 92 Robertson DM, Ilstrup D. Direct, indirect, and sham laser photocoagulation in the management of central serous chorioretinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol 1983; 95: 457-466
• 93 Rouvas A, Stavrakas P, Theodossiadis PG. et al. Long-term results of half-fluence photodynamic therapy for chronic central serous chorioretinopathy. Eur J Ophthalmol 2012; 22: 417-422
• 94 Sacconi R, Baldin G, Carnevali A. et al. Response of central serous chorioretinopathy evaluated by multimodal retinal imaging. Eye (Lond) 2018; 32: 734-742
• 95 Sacconi R, Borrelli E, Querques G. Eplerenone for chronic central serous chorioretinopathy. Lancet 2020; 396: 1556
• 96 Sadda SR. Lack of efficacy of eplerenone for treatment of active central serous chorioretinopathy. Eye (Lond) 2020; 34: 1489-1490
• 97 Salehi M, Wenick AS, Law HA. et al. Interventions for central serous chorioretinopathy: a network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; (12) CD11841
• 98 Scholz P, Altay L, Fauser S. A review of subthreshold micropulse laser for treatment of macular disorders. Adv Ther 2017; 34: 1528-1555
• 99 Schubert C, Pryds A, Zeng S. et al. Cadherin 5 is regulated by corticosteroids and associated with central serous chorioretinopathy. Hum Mutat 2014; 35: 859-867
• 100 Schwartz R, Habot-Wilner Z, Martinez MR. et al. Eplerenone for chronic central serous chorioretinopathy–a randomized controlled prospective study. Acta Ophthalmol 2017; 95: e610-e618
• 101 Senturk F, Karacorlu M, Ozdemir H. et al. Microperimetric changes after photodynamic therapy for central serous chorioretinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol 2011; 151: 303-309.e1
• 102 Sharma T, Shah N, Rao M. et al. Visual outcome after discontinuation of corticosteroids in atypical severe central serous chorioretinopathy. Ophthalmology 2004; 111: 1708-1714
• 103 Shin MC, Lim JW. Concentration of cytokines in the aqueous humor of patients with central serous chorioretinopathy. Retina 2011; 31: 1937-1943
• 104 Shinojima A, Hirose T, Mori R. et al. Morphologic findings in acute central serous chorioretinopathy using spectral domain-optical coherence tomography with simultaneous angiography. Retina 2010; 30: 193-202
• 105 Shinojima A, Sawa M, Sekiryu T. et al. A multicenter randomized controlled study of antioxidant supplementation with lutein for chronic central serous chorioretinopathy. Ophthalmologica 2017; 237: 159-166
• 106 Shulman S, Goldenberg D, Schwartz R. et al. Oral Rifampin treatment for longstanding chronic central serous chorioretinopathy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2016; 254: 15-22
• 107 Siedlecki J, Schworm B, Priglinger SG. The pachychoroid disease spectrum-and the need for a uniform classification system. Ophthalmol Retina 2019; 3: 1013-1015
• 108 Siegfried F, Rommel F, Rothe M. et al. Evaluating diurnal changes in choroidal sublayer perfusion using optical coherence tomography angiography. Acta Ophthalmol 2019; 97: e1062-e1068
• 109 Spaide RF, Klancnik JM. Fundus autofluorescence and central serous chorioretinopathy. Ophthalmology 2005; 112: 825-833
• 110 Spaide RF, Campeas L, Haas A. et al. Central serous chorioretinopathy in younger and older adults. Ophthalmology 1996; 103: 2070-2079 discussion 2079–2080
• 111 Spaide RF, Hall L, Haas A. et al. Indocyanine green videoangiography of older patients with central serous chorioretinopathy. Retina 1996; 16: 203-213
• 112 Spaide RF, Gemmy Cheung CM, Matsumoto H. et al. Venous overload choroidopathy: A hypothetical framework for central serous chorioretinopathy and allied disorders. Prog Retin Eye Res 2021;
• 113 Spitznas M. Pathogenesis of central serous retinopathy: a new working hypothesis. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1986; 224: 321-324
• 114 Teke MY, Elgin U, Nalcacioglu-Yuksekkaya P. et al. Comparison of autofluorescence and optical coherence tomography findings in acute and chronic central serous chorioretinopathy. Int J Ophthalmol 2014; 7: 350-354
• 115 Tseng C-C, Chen S-N. Long-term efficacy of half-dose photodynamic therapy on chronic central serous chorioretinopathy. Br J Ophthalmol 2015; 99: 1070-1077
• 116 Vasconcelos H, Marques I, Santos AR. et al. Long-term chorioretinal changes after photodynamic therapy for chronic central serous chorioretinopathy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2013; 251: 1697-1705
• 117 Venkatesh R, Pereira A, Jayadev C. et al. Oral eplerenone versus observation in the management of acute central serous chorioretinopathy: a prospective, randomized comparative study. Pharmaceuticals 2020; 13: 170
• 118 Verma L, Sinha R, Venkatesh P. et al. Comparative evaluation of diode laser versus argon laser photocoagulation in patients with central serous retinopathy: a pilot, randomized controlled trial [ISRCTN84128484]. BMC Ophthalmol 2004; 4: 15
• 119 Warrow DJ, Hoang QV, Freund KB. Pachychoroid pigment epitheliopathy. Retina 2013; 33: 1659-1672
• 120 Wolfensberger TJ, Chiang RK, Takeuchi A. et al. Inhibition of membrane-bound carbonic anhydrase enhances subretinal fluid absorption and retinal adhesiveness. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2000; 238: 76-80
• 121 Wong R, Chopdar A, Brown M. Five to 15 year follow-up of resolved idiopathic central serous chorioretinopathy. Eye (Lond) 2004; 18: 262-268
• 122 Wood EH, Karth PA, Sanislo SR. et al. Nondamaging retinal laser therapy for treatment of central serous chorioretinopathy: what is the evidence?. Retina 2017; 37: 1021-1033
• 123 Wu ZHY, Lai RYK, Yip YWY. et al. Improvement in multifocal electroretinography after half-dose verteporfin photodynamic therapy for central serous chorioretinopathy: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Retina 2011; 31: 1378-1386
• 124 Yalcinbayir O, Gelisken O, Akova-Budak B. et al. Correlation of spectral domain optical coherence tomography findings and visual acuity in central serous chorioretinopathy. Retina 2014; 34: 705-712
• 125 Yannuzzi LA. Type A behavior and central serous chorioretinopathy. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1986; 84: 799-845
• 126 Yannuzzi LA, Shakin JL, Fisher YL. et al. Peripheral retinal detachments and retinal pigment epithelial atrophic tracts secondary to central serous pigment epitheliopathy. Ophthalmology 1984; 91: 1554-1572
• 127 Yannuzzi LA, Slakter JS, Gross NE. et al. Indocyanine green angiography-guided photodynamic therapy for treatment of chronic central serous chorioretinopathy: a pilot study. Retina 2003; 23: 288-298
• 128 Zhao M, Célérier I, Bousquet E. et al. Mineralocorticoid receptor is involved in rat and human ocular chorioretinopathy. J Clin Invest 2012; 122: 2672-2679
• 129 Zhao M, Zhang F, Chen Y. et al. A 50 % vs. 30 % dose of verteporfin (photodynamic therapy) for acute central serous chorioretinopathy: one-year results of a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Ophthalmol 2015; 133: 333