The Use of Incremental, Decremental or a Random Order of Loads does not Affect Peak velocity Values during Bench Press Throw Load-velocity Relationships

Abstract

The aim of this study was to assess the influence of the load order used (i. e. incremental, decremental or random loads order) during the bench press throw load-velocity profile on peak velocity achieved against four different loads (20–40–60–80% of one repetition maximum [1RM]). Both intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and coefficient of variation (CV) were calculated to assess the reliability of the measures. A repeated measures ANOVA was used to assess differences between protocols. A linear regression analysis was performed to assess the load-velocity relationships among the different protocols. Peak velocity showed good to high ICC values independently of the load used (ICC=0.83–0.92). CV scores showed good reliability (ranging between 2.2 and 6.2%). No significant differences in peak velocity attained at each load were found between the three testing protocols (p>0.05). In addition, peak velocity at each load was very large to almost perfect, correlated between protocols (r=0.790–0.920). The linear regression model showed a significant relationship between testing protocols (p<0.001; R²=0.94). In conclusion, due to some ICC scores below 0.9 and R² below 0.95, the indistinct use of different load-order protocols to assess load-velocity relationships in the bench press throw exercise is not recommended.

Key words

strength - resistance - testing - profile

Publication History

Received: 05 July 2022

Accepted: 08 November 2022

Article published online:
10 March 2023

• References

• 1 Kraemer WJ, Ratamess NA, French DN. Resistance training for health and performance. Curr Sports Med Rep 2002; 1: 165-171
• 2 Cronin JB, Hansen KT. Strength and power predictors of sports speed. J Strength Cond Res 2005; 19: 349-357
• 3 McBride JM, Triplett-McBride T, Davie A. et al. The effect of heavy- vs. light-load jump squats on the development of strength, power, and speed. J Strength Cond Res 2002; 16: 75-82
• 4 Suchomel TJ, Nimphius S, Stone MH. The importance of muscular strength in athletic performance. Sports Med 2016; 46: 1419-1449
• 5 Cormie P, McCaulley GO, McBride JM. Power versus strength-power jump squat training: influence on the load-power relationship. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007; 39: 996-1003
• 6 Newton RU, Kraemer WJ, Hakkinen K, Humphries BJ, Murphy A. Kinematic, kinetics, and muscle activation during explosive upper body movements. J Appl Biomech 1996; 12: 31-43
• 7 Cormie P, McGuigan MR, Newton RU. Developing maximal neuromuscular power: Part 1--biological basis of maximal power production. Sports Med 2011; 41: 17-38
• 8 Schoenfeld BJ, Grgic J, Ogborn D, Krieger JW. Strength and hypertrophy adaptations between low- vs. high-load resistance training: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 31: 3508-3523
• 9 American College of Sports Medicine. American College of Sports Medicine position stand Progression models in resistance training for healthy adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009; 41: 687-708
• 10 Banyard HG, Nosaka K, Vernon AD. et al. the reliability of individualized load-velocity profiles. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2018; 13: 763-769
• 11 González-Badillo JJ, Sánchez-Medina L. Movement velocity as a measure of loading intensity in resistance training. Int J Sports Med 2010; 31: 347-352
• 12 Loturco I, Pereira LA, Freitas TT. et al. Maximum strength, relative strength, and strength deficit: relationships with performance and differences between elite sprinters and professional rugby union players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 16: 1148-1153
• 13 Rahmani A, Viale F, Dalleau G. et al. Force/velocity and power/velocity relationships in squat exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2001; 84: 227-232
• 14 Iglesias-Soler E, Fernández-Del-Olmo M, Mayo X. et al. Changes in the force-velocity mechanical profile after short resistance training programs differing in set configurations. J Appl Biomech 2017; 33: 144-152
• 15 Alcazar J, Pareja-Blanco F, Rodriguez-Lopez C. et al. Comparison of linear, hyperbolic and double-hyperbolic models to assess the force-velocity relationship in multi-joint exercises. Eur J Sport Sci 2021; 21: 359-369
• 16 Djuric S, Cuk I, Sreckovic S. et al. Selective effects of training against weight and inertia on muscle mechanical properties. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2016; 11: 927-932
• 17 Sreckovic S, Cuk I, Djuric S. et al. Evaluation of force-velocity and power-velocity relationship of arm muscles. Eur J Appl Physiol 2015; 115: 1779-1787
• 18 Barbosa AC, Barroso R, Andries O. Post-activation potentiation in propulsive force after specific swimming strength training. Int J Sports Med 2016; 37: 313-317
• 19 Tillin NA, Bishop D. Factors modulating post-activation potentiation and its effect on performance of subsequent explosive activities. Sports Med 2009; 39: 147-166
• 20 Tsurubami R, Oba K, Samukawa M. et al. Warm-up intensity and time course effects on jump performance. J Sports Sci Med 2020; 19: 714-720
• 21 Zois J, Bishop D, Aughey R. High-intensity warm-ups: Effects during subsequent intermittent exercise. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2015; 10: 498-503
• 22 García-Ramos A, Jaric S. Optimization of the force-velocity relationship obtained from the bench-press-throw exercise: an a posteriori multicenter reliability study. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2019; 14: 317-322
• 23 Pérez-Castilla A, Piepoli A, Delgado-García G. et al. Reliability and concurrent validity of seven commercially available devices for the assessment of movement velocity at different intensities during the bench press. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33: 1258-1265
• 24 Held S, Rappelt L, Deutsch JP. et al. Valid and reliable barbell velocity estimation using an inertial measurement unit. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18: 9170
• 25 García-Ramos A, Pestaña-Melero FL, Pérez-Castilla A. et al. Mean velocity vs. mean propulsive velocity vs. peak velocity: Which variable determines bench press relative load with higher reliability?. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32: 1273-1279
• 26 Pestaña-Melero FL, Jaric S, Pérez-Castilla A, Rojas FJ, García-Ramos A. Comparison of mechanical outputs between the traditional and ballistic bench press: Role of the type of variable. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34: 2227-2234
• 27 Vincent W, Weir JP. Statistics in Kinesiology. 4th ed. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 2012
• 28 Reilly T, Morris T, Whyte G. The specificity of training prescription and physiological assessment: a review. J Sports Sci 2009; 27: 575-589
• 29 Cuevas-Aburto J, Ulloa-Díaz D, Barboza-González P. et al. The addition of very light loads into the routine testing of the bench press increases the reliability of the force-velocity relationship. PeerJ 2018; 6: e5835
• 30 Blazevich AJ, Babault N. Post-activation potentiation versus post-activation performance enhancement in humans: historical perspective, underlying mechanisms, and current issues. Front Physiol 2019; 10: 1359