Stellenwert ausgewählter Trainingsprinzipien innerhalb eines körperlichen Trainings zur Frakturprophylaxe

Zusammenfassung

Trainingsprinzipien werden als konkrete und leitende Handlungsanweisung für ein körperliches Training angesehen und beziehen sich auf alle übergeordeten Aspekte des Trainings weitestgehend unabhängig von der fokussierten Zielgröße. Relevanz für Gresundheits- und Rehabilitationssport haben primär Prinzipien zur Auslösung und Sicherung von Anpassungseffekten. Während das Prinzip des überschwelligen Reizes und dessen Aufrechterhaltung („progressive overload“) im gesundheitsorientierten Trainingsprozess meist Berücksichtigung findet, werden Trainingsprinzipien, die in Zusammenhang mit der Spezifität, Individualisierung und Variation stehen sehr oft nicht oder nicht mit der nötigen Aufmerksamkeit adressiert. Insbesondere eine hohe Spezifität des Trainings u. a. im Sinne der Auswahl geeigneter Trainingsinhalte zur Realisierung des dezidierten Trainingszieles sowie eine hoher Individualisierungsgrad u. a. durch Vorgabe relevanter Trainingsziele und Monitoring der individuellen Leistungsentwicklung sind Schlüsselgrößen erfolgreicher Trainingsprotokolle. Eine kontinuierliche Trainingsdurchführung mit Detrainingsphasen von weniger als 4–6 Wochen, sollte bei einem körperlichen Training zur Frakturprophylaxe ebenfalls Berücksichtigung finden. Schließlich können bewährte Trainingsprinzipien des Leistungssports die mit Periodisierung/Zyklisierung in Verbindung stehen relativ unproblematisch und sinnvoll in gesundheitsorientierten Trainingsprogrammen Verwendung finden.

Abstract

Training principles are regarded as specific guidelines for physical exercise training and cover all superordinate aspects of training, largely independent of the addressed outcome. Relevant for non-athletic exercise are primarily principles for triggering and maintaining adaptation. While the “overload principle” and the principle of “progressive overload” i. e. systematically triggering and maintaining training demands over the system-specific threshold are predominately considered in exercise protocols in the field of exercise and fracture prevention, training principles related to specificity, individualization and variation are frequently not addressed with the necessary emphasis. In particular, the principle of specificity, i. e. the aspect that adaptation is specific to the applied stimulus und hence transfer effects between even closely related systems cannot necessarily be expected is a critical issue particularly in the area of balance exercise. In parallel, the individualization of the training protocol has to consider not only exercise specific issues, but also time and transfer aspects, functional limitations, pain, as well as individual predispositions. Another critical aspect of many training programs is exercise continuity. There is considerable evidence that even detraining periods as short as 4–6 weeks trigger significant and clinically relevant reductions in parameters related to fracture reduction. Finally, we advocate the introduction of recognized athletic training principles associated to periodization in order to structure the trainings process more clearly and to allow greater focus on dedicated training aims. In summary, the proper consideration and careful transfer of training principles is an essential component of successful training protocols in the area of fracture prevention. Unfortunately, many exercise training protocols demonstrate considerable deficits in this area.

Schlüsselworte

Trainingsempfehlungen - Trainingsprinzipien - Frakturprophylaxe - Knochen-festigkeit - Stürze

Key words

exercise recommendations - training principles - fracture prevention - bone strength - falls

Publication History

Received: 07 March 2023

Accepted: 06 April 2023

Article published online:
24 May 2023

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