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Synlett 2024; 35(03): 245-267
DOI: 10.1055/a-2122-8508
DOI: 10.1055/a-2122-8508
account
Organic Chemistry Under Visible Light: Photolytic and Photocatalytic Organic Transformations
Recent Developments in Photocatalytic Reduction of Nitro Compounds to Valuable Scaffolds
V. A. and P. K. V. are thankful to the Himachal Pradesh Council for Science, Technology and Environment (HIMCOSTE) for providing the research grant (HIMCOSTE (R&D) 2021-22:2.4(27)). The authors extend their appreciation to the research unit at King Khalid University for funding this work through Project number 487/44 and the authors acknowledge the Research Center for Advance Materials (RCAMS) at King Khalid University, Saudi Arabia for their valuable technical support.
Abstract
The reduction of nitro compounds is one of the fundamental organic transformations and ascertain wide applicability in industrial chemistry, synthesis of valuable scaffolds, fine chemical synthesis, as well as environmental applicability for decontamination process. The transformation involves the conversion of nitro compounds into valuable scaffolds including amino, nitroso, hydroxyl amines, azo, and hydrazo compounds. Conventional approaches for the reduction of nitro compounds involves the environmentally harmful stoichiometric reagents, high-boiling reaction media, tedious processes, and harsh reaction conditions with high temperature and pressure. Additionally, the selectivity always remains a serious concern associated with the process due to the possibilities of several stable intermediate formation in the reaction pathway of reduction of nitro compounds. Nitro compounds are also of serious environmental concerns being a part of most harmful and high-priority classes of pollutants mainly released from industrial effluents, agricultural waste, and human sewage. A simple degradation of these pollutants bearing nitro group just removes the pollutants, however, the selective reduction of nitro group to valuable functionalities as mentioned above provides the industrially important scaffolds. With the advent of photocatalytic organic transformation, most of the scientific fraternity working in the area of organic synthesis, catalysis, and environmental decontaminations are utilizing the clean, green, low-temperature, energy and cost-effective, sustainable processes for the reduction of nitro compounds to access valuable scaffolds. Nowadays a lot of mechanistic developments in the field ease the processes for the developments of such highly valuable organic transformations. Herein, the present Account is focused on the recent developments in the photocatalytic reduction of nitro compounds to valuable scaffolds.
1 Introduction
2 Reduction of Nitro Compounds
2.1 Conventional Approaches for Reduction of Nitro Compounds
2.2 General Photocatalytic Mechanism
3 Mechanistic Pathways: Electrochemical, Conventional and Photocatalytic Approaches
3.1 Mechanism of Electrochemical Reduction of Nitroarene
3.2 Conventional Reduction Mechanism of Nitroarenes
3.3 General Photocatalytic Reduction Mechanism of Nitroarenes
4 Photocatalytic Reduction of Nitro Compounds to Valuable Scaffolds
4.1 Reduction of Nitro Compounds to Corresponding Amines
4.2 Reduction of Nitro Compounds to Azo Compounds
4.3 Reduction of Nitro Compounds to Azoxy Compounds
4.4 Reduction of Nitro Compounds to Nitroso Compounds
4.5 Reduction of Nitro Compounds to Hydroxyl Amines
5 Future Perspective
6 Conclusion
Key words
amines - azo compounds - photochemistry - reduction - hydrogen transfer - hydrogenation - catalysisPublication History
Received: 31 May 2023
Accepted after revision: 04 July 2023
Accepted Manuscript online:
04 July 2023
Article published online:
04 September 2023
© 2023. Thieme. All rights reserved
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