Abstract
The palladium-catalyzed homo-dimerization of terminal alkynes is a powerful and atom-economic method for the preparation of highly unsaturated four-carbon skeletons, which are key structural units found in natural and/or biologically active products and materials. However, during the homo-dimerization of terminal alkynes, a major issue is control of the chemo-, regio-, and stereoselectivity. Thus, over the past few decades, various strategies and methods have been developed that employ palladium catalytic systems for such homo-dimerizations. In this Short Review, we highlight important methods for the selective synthesis of these valuable four-carbon compounds, including conjugated 1,3-enynes, 1,3-diynes, and 1,3-dienes.
1 Introduction
2 Redox-Neutral Homo-Dimerization of Terminal Alkynes for the Synthesis of 1,3-Enynes
2.1 Head-to-Head Dimerization
2.2 Head-to-Tail Dimerization
3 Oxidative Homo-Dimerization of Terminal Alkynes for the Synthesis of 1,3-Diynes
3.1 Unsupported Palladium Catalysts
3.1.1 Choice of Oxidant
3.1.2 Choice of Ligand
3.1.3 Choice of Solvent
3.2 Supported Palladium Catalysts
4 Reductive Homo-Dimerization of Terminal Alkynes for the Synthesis of 1,3-Dienes
5 Conclusion
Key words
homo-dimerization - terminal alkynes - palladium catalysis - unsaturated four-carbon skeletons - selectivity
