Subscribe to RSS
DOI: 10.1055/a-2128-0005
Venöse Thromboembolie – was ist neu in der aktualisierten AWMF-Leitlinie?
Venous thromboembolism – was is new in the revised AWMF guideline?
Was ist neu?
Diagnostik Bei Verdacht auf tiefe Beinvenenthrombose ist die venöse Duplexsonografie Methode der 1. Wahl. Bei nicht zeitnah verfügbarem qualifiziertem Ultraschall können bei niedriger klinischer Wahrscheinlichkeit D-Dimere und limitierte Point-of-Care-Ultraschallprotokolle zur primären Entscheidungsfindung beitragen. Bei Verdacht auf eine Lungenembolie sollte eine D-Dimer-Testung dagegen nur bei niedriger bzw. mittlerer klinischer Wahrscheinlichkeit erfolgen, da bei normwertigen D-Dimeren eine Lungenembolie (LE) als ausgeschlossen gilt.
Antikoagulanzien-Therapie Ein DOAK-basiertes Therapieregime ist sowohl für die Therapie der akuten venösen Thromboembolie (VTE) als auch für die medikamentöse Sekundärprophylaxe gegenüber einer Therapie mit Vitamin-K-Antagonisten zu bevorzugen. Die Antikoagulation mit DOAK ist unproblematisch bis zu einem Körpergewicht (KG) von 120kg bzw. einem Body-Mass-Index (BMI) von 40kg/m². Für Apixaban und Rivaroxaban werden keine Gewichtsbeschränkungen mehr empfohlen, allerdings ist die Bestimmung der DOAK-Tal- und Spitzenspiegel bei Menschen mit extremer Adipositas und Patienten nach bariatrischer Chirurgie empfehlenswert.
Assoziationen mit anderen Erkrankungen Bei tumorassoziierter VTE sind die direkten Faktor-Xa-Inhibitoren in vielen Fällen eine gute und sichere Alternative zu NMH (niedermolekularem Heparin); die Therapieadhärenz zu einer oralen Therapie ist zudem höher.
Nachsorge und Evaluation Eine aussagekräftige Erstdokumentation und eine strukturierte Nachsorge nach TBVT (tiefer Beinvenenthrombose) und Lungenembolie (LE) sind wichtig, um am Ende der Therapiephase eine individualisierte Nutzen-Risiko-Abwägung hinsichtlich einer fortgeführten medikamentösen Sekundärprophylaxe treffen zu können, und die Patienten auf das Vorliegen von Folgeschäden – wie das postthrombotische Syndrom (PTS) und eine chronische thromboembolische pulmonale Hypertonie (CTEPH) – zu screenen.
Abstract
For the diagnosis of a lower-extremity deep vein thrombosis (LEDVT), venous duplex ultrasound is the method of first choice. If a qualified ultrasonography is not timely available, D-dimer testing, and limited ultrasound protocols (point-of-care ultrasound, POCUS) can contribute to therapeutic decision-making when clinical probability is low. A DOAC-based treatment regimen is preferable to a vitamin K antagonist for both acute therapy and secondary prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Treatment with DOACs is unproblematic up to a body weight (BW) of 120 kg or a body mass index (BMI) of 40 kg/m². Weight restrictions are no longer recommended for apixaban and rivaroxaban, but determination of DOAC trough and peak levels is recommended in the extremely obese and patients after bariatric surgery. In cancer-associated VTE, the direct factor Xa inhibitors are a good and safe alternative to low-molecular weight heparins (LMWH) for many patients; the adherence to oral therapy is also higher. Meaningful initial documentation and structured follow-up after LEDVT and pulmonary embolism (PE) are important in order to make an individualized risk-benefit assessment at the end of the therapy phase with regard to continued pharmacological secondary prophylaxis and to reassess patients’ symptoms indicating post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS) or chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH).
Schlüsselwörter
Antikoagulation - DOAK - Lungenembolie - tiefe Venenthrombose - venöse ThromboembolieKeywords
anticoagulation - DOAC - pulmonary embolism - deep vein thrombosis - venous thromboembolismPublication History
Received: 02 November 2023
Accepted after revision: 12 January 2024
Article published online:
27 February 2024
© 2024. Thieme. All rights reserved.
Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Rüdigerstraße 14, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany
-
Literatur
- 1 White RH. The epidemiology of venous thromboembolism. Circulation 2003; 107: I4-8
- 2 Wendelboe AM, Raskob GE. Global Burden of Thrombosis: Epidemiologic Aspects. Circ Res 2016; 118: 1340-1347
- 3 Hach-Wunderle V, Bauersachs R, Gerlach HE. et al. Post-thrombotic syndrome 3 years after deep venous thrombosis in the Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism in Out-Patients (TULIPA) PLUS Registry. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord 2013; 1: 5-12
- 4 Rabinovich A, Kahn SR. How I treat the postthrombotic syndrome. Blood 2018; 131: 2215-2222
- 5 Ende-Verhaar YM, Cannegieter SC, Vonk Noordegraaf A. et al. Incidence of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension after acute pulmonary embolism: a contemporary view of the published literature. Eur Respir J 2017; 49
- 6 Rådegran G, Kjellström B, Ekmehag B. et al. Characteristics and survival of adult Swedish PAH and CTEPH patients 2000–2014. Scand Cardiovasc J 2016; 50: 243-250
- 7 Linnemann B, Blank W, Doenst T. et al. Diagnostics and therapy of venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. AWMF-S2k-guideline. Vasa 2023; 52: 1-145
- 8 van der Hulle T, Kooiman J, Exter PL den. et al. Effectiveness and safety of novel oral anticoagulants as compared with vitamin K antagonists in the treatment of acute symptomatic venous thromboembolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Thromb Haemost 2014; 12: 320-328
- 9 van Es N, Coppens M, Schulman S. et al. Direct oral anticoagulants compared with vitamin K antagonists for acute venous thromboembolism: evidence from phase 3 trials. Blood 2014; 124: 1968-1975
- 10 Martin K, Beyer-Westendorf J, Davidson BL. et al. Use of the direct oral anticoagulants in obese patients: guidance from the SSC of the ISTH. J Thromb Haemost 2016; 14: 1308-1313
- 11 Martin KA, Beyer-Westendorf J, Davidson BL. et al. Use of direct oral anticoagulants in patients with obesity for treatment and prevention of venous thromboembolism: Updated communication from the ISTH SSC Subcommittee on Control of Anticoagulation. J Thromb Haemost 2021; 19: 1874-1882
- 12 Gosselin RC, Adcock DM, Bates SM. et al. International Council for Standardization in Haematology (ICSH) Recommendations for Laboratory Measurement of Direct Oral Anticoagulants. Thromb Haemost 2018; 118: 437-450
- 13 Young AM, Marshall A, Thirlwall J. et al. Comparison of an Oral Factor Xa Inhibitor With Low Molecular Weight Heparin in Patients With Cancer With Venous Thromboembolism: Results of a Randomized Trial (SELECT-D). J Clin Oncol 2018; 36: 2017-2023
- 14 McBane RD, Wysokinski WE, Le-Rademacher JG. et al. Apixaban and dalteparin in active malignancy-associated venous thromboembolism: The ADAM VTE trial. J Thromb Haemost 2020; 18: 411-421
- 15 Agnelli G, Becattini C, Meyer G. et al. Apixaban for the Treatment of Venous Thromboembolism Associated with Cancer. N Engl J Med 2020; 382: 1599-1607
- 16 Raskob GE, van Es N, Verhamme P. et al. Edoxaban for the Treatment of Cancer-Associated Venous Thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 2018; 378: 615-624
- 17 Mulder FI, Bosch FTM, Young AM. et al. Direct oral anticoagulants for cancer-associated venous thromboembolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Blood 2020; 136 (12) 1433-1441
- 18 van Es N, Bleker SM, Di Nisio M. Cancer-associated unsuspected pulmonary embolism. Thromb Res 2014; 133: S172-S178
- 19 Di Nisio M, Lee AYY, Carrier M. et al. Diagnosis and treatment of incidental venous thromboembolism in cancer patients: guidance from the SSC of the ISTH. J Thromb Haemost 2015; 13: 880-883
- 20 Di Nisio M, Carrier M. Incidental venous thromboembolism: is anticoagulation indicated?. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2017; 2017: 121-127
- 21 Le Gal G, Kovacs MJ, Bertoletti L. et al. Risk for Recurrent Venous Thromboembolism in Patients With Subsegmental Pulmonary Embolism Managed Without Anticoagulation : A Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study. Ann Intern Med 2022; 175: 29-35
- 22 Exter PL den, van Es J, Klok FA. et al. Risk profile and clinical outcome of symptomatic subsegmental acute pulmonary embolism. Blood 2013; 122: 1144-1149
- 23 Humbert M, Kovacs G, Hoeper MM. et al. 2022 ESC/ERS Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir J 2022; 61 (01) 2200879
- 24 Prandoni P, Prins MH, Lensing AWA. et al. Residual thrombosis on ultrasonography to guide the duration of anticoagulation in patients with deep venous thrombosis: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2009; 150: 577-585
- 25 Khan F, Tritschler T, Kimpton M. et al. Long-Term Risk for Major Bleeding During Extended Oral Anticoagulant Therapy for First Unprovoked Venous Thromboembolism : A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 2021; 174: 1420-1429
- 26 Agnelli G, Buller HR, Cohen A. et al. Apixaban for extended treatment of venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 2013; 368: 699-708
- 27 Weitz JI, Lensing AWA, Prins MH. et al. Rivaroxaban or Aspirin for Extended Treatment of Venous Thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 2017; 376: 1211-1222