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DOI: 10.1055/a-2244-2412
Atmung und Schlafregulation beim Neugeborenen
Der plötzliche Säuglingstod (sudden infant death syndrome; SIDS) ist keine schlafmedizinische Erkrankung im eigentlichen Sinne, da im Nachhinein nicht ermittelt werden kann, ob die Kinder wirklich aus dem Schlaf heraus gestorben sind. Der Beitrag geht weiterhin auf Apnoen, Obstruktionen, Fehlbildungen sowie die Schlafumgebung ein.
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SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome) ist definiert als der plötzliche Tod eines Säuglings oder Kleinkinds, der unerwartet eintritt und bei dem eine sorgfältige postmortale Untersuchung keine adäquate Todesursache erkennen lässt.
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SIDS ist die zweithäufigste Todesursache jenseits der Neonatalperiode.
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Nach einem plötzlichen und unerwarteten Säuglingstod muss zwingend eine Obduktion durchgeführt werden, da es sich beim SIDS immer um eine Ausschlussdiagnose handelt.
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Die AWMF-Leitlinie „Prävention des Plötzlichen Säuglingstods“ wurde 2022 aktualisiert und nennt u.a. Risiko- und Schutzfaktoren. Letztlich darf die Prävention jedoch den postnatalen Bindungsaufbau zwischen Mutter und Kind sowie den späteren Stillerfolg nicht behindern.
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Das klinische Management in Bezug auf die Therapiedauer und die Nachsorge von Patienten mit schlafbezogenen Erkrankungen in den ersten Lebenswochen und -monaten durch z.B. Heimmonitoring ist aufgrund der unzureichenden Datenlage derzeit heterogen.
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Als Medikament der Wahl zur Behandlung der Apnoe-Bradykardie-Hypoxämie-Symptomatik gilt Koffeinzitrat. Jedoch ist die Datenlage zur Dauer der Anwendung von Koffeinzitrat sowie zur Nachsorge für betroffene Patienten noch unsicher.
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Liegen Fehlbildungen im Bereich der oberen Atemwege vor, erfolgt meist zunächst die kieferorthopädische Versorgung mit einer Gaumenplatte.
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Patienten mit Mikrognathie sollten aufgrund des häufigen Auftretens höhergradiger Atemwegsobstruktionen bei pränatalen Auffälligkeiten bereits für die Entbindung in ein entsprechendes Zentrum überwiesen werden.
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Zur Gewährleistung der Schlafhygiene im Rahmen der neonatologischen Intensivtherapie sollte sowohl das kindliche Verhalten beachtet als auch die Umgebungsbedingungen an die kindlichen Bedürfnisse angepasst werden.
Schlüsselwörter
sudden infant death syndrome - SIDS - Obstruktionen - Apnoe - Schlafumgebung - FehlbildungenPublication History
Article published online:
28 March 2024
© 2024. Thieme. All rights reserved.
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