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J Reconstr Microsurg
DOI: 10.1055/a-2491-3249
Original Article

Microsurgery in Motion: An Objective Assessment of Microsurgical Skill and Efficiency

Sarah M. Lyon
1   Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
,
Weifeng Zeng 
1   Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
,
Su Yang
2   Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
,
Brett J. Wise
2   Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
,
Hossein Mohamadipanah
3   Ford Motor Company, Palo Alto, California
,
Carla M. Pugh
2   Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
,
Samuel O. Poore 
1   Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
› Author Affiliations Funding This study was supported by a University of Wisconsin Department of Surgery internal grant.
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Abstract

Background High levels of precision, as well as controlled, efficient motions, are important components of microsurgical technique and success. An accurate and objective means of skill assessment is lacking in resident microsurgical education. Here we employ three-dimensional, real-time motion-tracking technology to analyze hand and instrument motion during microsurgical anastomoses. We hypothesize that motion metrics can objectively quantify microsurgical skill and predict the overall level of expertise.

Methods Seventeen participants including medical students, plastic surgery residents, and attendings performed two end-to-end arterial microsurgical anastomoses in a laboratory setting. Motion tracking sensors were applied to standardized positions on participants' hands and microsurgical instruments. Motion and time parameters were abstracted using sensor-derived position data.

Results A total of 32 anastomoses were completed and analyzed. There were significant differences in time for task completion and idle time between attendings and junior residents (post-graduate year (PGY)1–3). Path length and working volume consistently differentiated between students and attendings for all phases of an anastomosis. Motion and time data were less able to consistently distinguish attendings from residents stratified by laboratory anastomosis experience.

Conclusion Quantifiable motion parameters provide objective data regarding the efficiency of microsurgical techniques in surgical trainees. These data provide a basis for microsurgical competency assessments and may inform future structured feedback through instruction, instruments, and technological interfaces.

Keywords

microsurgery - education - motion tracking - simulation

Authors' Contributions

S.M.L.: Project conceptualization, data collection, manuscript writing

W.Z.: Subject recruitment and data collection, manuscript editing

S.Y.: Data collection and analysis, manuscript editing

B.J.W.: Data collection and analysis, manuscript editing

H.M.: Data collection and analysis, manuscript editing

C.M.P.: Project conceptualization and design

S.O.P.: Project conceptualization and design, manuscript editing


Supplementary Material



Publication History

Received: 17 August 2024

Accepted: 23 November 2024

Article published online:
15 January 2025

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