Zusammenfassung
Dystonien umfassen eine klinisch und genetisch heterogene Gruppe von Bewegungsstörungen.
Sie können mit einem erheblichen Verlust an Lebensqualität inklusive Invalidität einhergehen
(z. B. Rollstuhlpflichtigkeit). Medikamentöse Ansätze sind insbesondere bei generalisierten
Dystonieformen limitiert. Die Einführung der tiefen Hirnstimulation für die Behandlung
von Bewegungsstörungen (zunächst essenzieller Tremor und fortgeschrittene Parkinson-Syndrome)
hat auch die Behandlungsmöglichkeiten für dystone Bewegungsstörungen erweitert. So
können heute Hirnregionen mithilfe der sogenannten tiefen Hirnstimulation (populär:
Hirnschrittmacher-Therapie, DBS = deep brain stimulation) funktionell beeinflusst
werden, d. h. reversibel und ohne bleibende Schädigung durch Gabe von elektrischen
Impulsen. In 2 multizentrischen, geblindeten Studien konnte eine Besserung von dystonen
Symptomen bei primären generalisierten und segmentalen Dystonien von ca. 50 % nach
tiefer Hirnstimulation im Pallidum belegt werden. Das Verfahren ist in der EU aufgrund
dieser Ergebnisse seit Anfang 2006 für die Behandlung von primär generalisierten und
segmentalen Dystonien zugelassen. In der folgenden Übersichtsarbeit (Stand: August
2008) werden die Ergebnisse und die Erfolgsaussichten zusammengefasst und ein Ausblick
für andere Dystonieerkrankungen hinsichtlich einer möglichen Besserung durch eine
Hirnschrittmachertherapie dargestellt, inklusive pädiatrischer DBS-Indikationen bei
Dystonien.
Abstract
Dystonic disorders comprise a heterogeneous group of movement disorders, reflecting
different disease entities. They are accompanied by significant loss of quality of
life and may lead to significant motor disablement including wheel chair dependency.
Medical therapeutic options are limited, especially in generalised dystonia. The introduction
of deep brain stimulation for the treatment of movement disorders (e. g., essential
tremor and advanced Parkinson's disease) has opened new therapeutic avenues also for
dystonic disorders. Thus, regions deeply located in the brain may be functionally
influenced by the reversible application of electrical charge via stereotactically
implanted electrodes (deep brain stimulation) without structurally lesioning brain
tissue. In 2 multicentre, blinded studies, an improvement of dystonic symptoms in
patients with primary generalised or segmental dystonia of approximately 50 % following
deep brain stimulation of the internal pallidum has been documented, which led to
approval of deep brain stimulation in the EU for the treatment of primary generalised
and segmental dystonias. The following review summarises the results and the perspectives
of deep brain stimulation in dystonia, also with respect to emerging paediatric indications.
Schlüsselwörter
tiefe Hirnstimulation - Dystonie - Pallidum
Key words
deep brain stimulation - dystonia - pallidum
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1 Dieser Artikel stellt eine aktualisierte Version von Kupsch et al., PsychoNeuro 2007;
33: 278–288 dar.
Prof. Dr. med. Andreas Kupsch
Leiter der Ambulanz für Bewegungsstörungen, Charité, Neurologie, Campus Virchow
Augustenburger Platz 1
13353 Berlin
Email: andreas.kupsch@charite.de
URL: http://www.charite.de/bewegungsstoerungen