Increased Ceruloplasmin and Fibrinogen in Type 2 Diabetes Corresponds to Decreased Anti-oxidant Activity in a Preliminary Tertiary South Indian Hospital Study

Abstract

The relationship between type 2 diabetes, antioxidant-enzyme serum ceruloplasmin, pro-inflammatory blood fibrinogen and antioxidant activity (AOA) was investigated in 40 diabetics and 47 non-diabetics hailing from South India as a preliminary study aspiring to be a crucial stepping stone for a large study. Serum AOA was lower (p<0.01) in diabetics (0.68±0.03 mmol/L) than controls (0.92±0.07 mmol/L) and ceruloplasmin more (p<0.001) in diabetics (983.20±52.18 mg/L) than controls (470.79±39.20 mg/L). Plasma fibrinogen was higher (p<0.001) in diabetics (480.23±19.52 mg/dl) than controls (313.94±13.42 mg/dl). Males had more AOA. Fibrinogen increased with age. These significant findings point strongly to augmented oxidative stress and inflammatory states in South Indian diabetics.

Key words

antioxidant activity - oxidative stress - HbA1c - ceruloplasmin - fibrinogen - type 2 diabetes

References

• 1 Marso SP. The handbook of Diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. Marso, S. P. (editor) Remidica publishing house.: London, UK 2003
• 2 Strain JJ. Disturbances of micronutrient and antioxidant status in diabetes.  Proc Nutr Soc. 1991;  50 591-604
• 3 Oberley LW. Free radicals and diabetes.  Free Radic Biol Med. 1988;  5 113-124
• 4 Grant PJ. Diabetes mellitus as a prothrombotic condition.  J Intern Med. 2007;  262 157-172
• 5 Ford ES, Mokdad AH, Giles WH. et al . The metabolic syndrome and antioxidant concentrations: findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.  Diabetes. 2003;  52 2346-2352
• 6 Srivatsan R, Das S, Gadde R. et al . Antioxidants and Lipid Peroxidation Status in Diabetic Patients with and without Complications.  Arch Iran Med. 2009;  12 121-127
• 7 Pasaoglu H, Sancak B, Bukan N. Lipid peroxidation and resistance to oxidation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.  Tohoku J Exp Med. 2004;  203 211-218
• 8 Stocks J, Gutteridge JM, Sharp RJ. et al . Assay using brain homogenate for measuring the antioxidant activity of biological fluids.  Clin Sci Mol Med. 1974;  47 215-222
• 9 Koracevic D, Koracevic G, Djordjevic V. et al . Method for the measurement of antioxidant activity in human fluids.  J Clin Pathol. 2001;  54 356-361
• 10 Hellman NE, Gitlin JD. Ceruloplasmin metabolism and function.  Annu Rev Nutr. 2002;  22 439-458
• 11 Memisogullari R, Taysi S, Bakan E. et al . Antioxidant status and lipid peroxidation in type II diabetes mellitus.  Cell Biochem Funct. 2003;  21 291-296
• 12 Memisogullari R, Bakan E. Levels of ceruloplasmin, transferrin, and lipid peroxidation in the serum of patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus.  J Diabetes Complications. 2004;  18 193-197
• 13 Ramakrishna V, Jailkhani R. Oxidative stress in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) patients.  Acta Diabetol. 2008;  45 41-46
• 14 Tofler GH, Massaro J, Levy D. et al . Relation of the prothrombotic state to increasing age (from the Framingham Offspring Study).  Am J Cardiol. 2005;  96 1280-1283
• 15 Nakag-Icindic E, Valjevac A, Lepara O. et al . Metabolic syndrome and plasma fibrinogen in type 2 diabetic patients.  Med Arh. 2007;  61 7-10
• 16 Libby P. Vascular biology of atherosclerosis: overview and state of the art.  Am J Cardiol. 2003;  91 A3-A6
• 17 Walter  Jr  RM, Uriu-Hare JY, Olin KL. et al . Copper, zinc, manganese, and magnesium status and complications of diabetes mellitus.  Diabetes Care. 1991;  14 1050-1056
• 18 Sunderman  Jr  FW, Nomoto S. Measurement of human serum ceruloplasmin by its p-phenylenediamine oxidase activity.  Clin Chem. 1970;  16 903-910
• 19 Patil N, Chavan V, Karnik ND. Antioxidant status in patients with acute myocardial infarction.  Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry. 2007;  22 45-51
• 20 Williamson JR, Chang K, Frangos M. et al . Hyperglycemic pseudohypoxia and diabetic complications.  Diabetes. 1993;  42 801-813
• 21 Kain K, Catto AJ, Grant PJ. Associations between insulin resistance and thrombotic risk factors in high-risk South Asian subjects.  Diabet Med. 2003;  20 651-655
• 22 Maritim AC, Sanders RA, Watkins  JB. Diabetes, oxidative stress, and antioxidants: a review.  J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2003;  17 24-38

Correspondence