Post-Eccentric Exercise Blunted hGH Response

Abstract

The purpose of the present study was to test if a previous acute concentric exercise bout blunts hGH response after an eccentric exercise bout. Nine healthy untrained male university students (25.4±0.5 yr, 176.5±1.2 cm, and 79.4±2.0 kg) performed a concentric exercise bout followed by an eccentric exercise bout one week later. Serum human growth hormone (hGH), creatine kinase (CK), and lactate were measured before, immediately and up to 32 h after both exercise bouts. Higher lactate values were observed immediately, 5 and 10 min after the concentric bout (70%, 119%, and 142%, respectively, p<0.05) than the eccentric bout. There was a CK main time effect at 8 and 32 h after the exercise bouts compared to baseline values (p<0.002). However, peak serum CK effect size was higher after the concentric than the eccentric exercise bout, 1.3 and 0.9, respectively. hGH increased after both exercise bouts, however it reached significance only at immediately (207%), 5 min (256%), 10 min (276%), 20 min (300%), and 40 min (168%) after the concentric exercise bout (p<0.05). Our findings suggest that a previous concentric exercise bout may blunt the anabolic response expected after an eccentric exercise bout.

Key words

repeated bout effect - muscle damage - relative torque - muscle regeneration

References

• 1 Ahtiainen JP, Pakarinen A, Kraemer WJ, Hakkinen K. Acute hormonal and neuromuscular responses and recovery to forced vs. maximum repetitions multiple resistance exercises.  Int J Sports Med. 2003;  24 410-418
• 2 Buresh R, Berg K, French J. The effect of resistive exercise rest interval on hormonal response, strength, and hypertrophy with training.  J Strength Cond Res. 2009;  23 62-71
• 3 Chapman D, Newton M, Sacco P, Nosaka K. Greater muscle damage induced by fast versus slow velocity eccentric exercise.  Int J Sports Med. 2006;  27 591-598
• 4 Chwalbinska-Moneta J, Krysztofiak F, Ziemba A, Nazar K, Kaciuba-Uscilko H. Threshold increases in plasma growth hormone in relation to plasma catecholamine and blood lactate concentrations during progressive exercise in endurance-trained athletes.  Eur J Appl Physiol. 1996;  73 117-120
• 5 Crameri RM, Aagaard P, Qvortrup K, Langberg H, Olesen J, Kjaer M. Myofibre damage in human skeletal muscle: effects of electrical stimulation versus voluntary contraction.  J Physiol. 2007;  583 365-380
• 6 Durand RJ, Castracane VD, Hollander DB, Tryniecki JL, Bamman MM, O'Neal S, Hebert EP, Kraemer RR. Hormonal responses from concentric and eccentric muscle contractions.  Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003;  35 937-943
• 7 Fang Y, Siemionow V, Sahgal V, Xiong F, Yue GH. Distinct brain activation patterns for human maximal voluntary eccentric and concentric muscle actions.  Brain Res. 2004;  1023 200-212
• 8 Farthing JP, Chilibeck PD. The effects of eccentric and concentric training at different velocities on muscle hypertrophy.  Eur J Appl Physiol. 2003;  89 578-586
• 9 Goto K, Ishii N, Kizuka T, Kraemer RR, Honda Y, Takamatsu K. Hormonal and metabolic responses to slow movement resistance exercise with different durations of concentric and eccentric actions.  Eur J Appl Physiol. 2009;  106 731-739
• 10 Higbie EJ, Cureton KJ, Warren III GL, Prior BM. Effects of concentric and eccentric training on muscle strength, cross-sectional area, and neural activation.  J Appl Physiol. 1996;  81 2173-2181
• 11 Hortobagyi T, Hill JP, Houmard JA, Fraser DD, Lambert NJ, Israel RG. Adaptive responses to muscle lengthening and shortening in humans.  J Appl Physiol. 1996;  80 765-772
• 12 Jubeau M, Sartorio A, Marinone PG, Agosti F, Van Hoecke J, Nosaka K, Maffiuletti NA. Comparison between voluntary and stimulated contractions of the quadriceps femoris for growth hormone response and muscle damage.  J Appl Physiol. 2008;  104 75-81
• 13 Kraemer RR, Hollander DB, Reeves GV, Francois M, Ramadan ZG, Meeker B, Tryniecki JL, Hebert EP, Castracane VD. Similar hormonal responses to concentric and eccentric muscle actions using relative loading.  Eur J Appl Physiol. 2006;  96 551-557
• 14 Kraemer WJ, Ratamess NA. Hormonal responses and adaptations to resistance exercise and training.  Sports Med. 2005;  35 339-361
• 15 Lange KH, Larsson B, Flyvbjerg A, Dall R, Bennekou M, Rasmussen MH, Orskov H, Kjaer M. Acute growth hormone administration causes exaggerated increases in plasma lactate and glycerol during moderate to high intensity bicycling in trained young men.  J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;  87 4966-4975
• 16 Lavender AP, Nosaka K. Changes in fluctuation of isometric force following eccentric and concentric exercise of the elbow flexors.  Eur J Appl Physiol. 2006;  96 235-240
• 17 Liu H, Bravata DM, Olkin I, Friedlander A, Liu V, Roberts B, Bendavid E, Saynina O, Salpeter SR, Garber AM, Hoffman AR. Systematic Review: The effects of growth hormone on athletic performance.  Ann Intern Med. 2008;  148 747-758
• 18 Macintyre JG. Growth hormone and athletes.  Sports Med. 1987;  4 129-142
• 19 McHugh MP. Recent advances in the understanding of the repeated bout effect: the protective effect against muscle damage from a single bout of eccentric exercise.  Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2003;  13 88-97
• 20 McHugh MP, Connolly DA, Eston RG, Gleim GW. Exercise-induced muscle damage and potential mechanisms for the repeated bout effect.  Sports Med. 1999;  27 157-170
• 21 Nosaka K, Clarkson PM. Influence of previous concentric exercise on eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage.  J Sports Sci. 1997;  15 477-483
• 22 Nosaka K, Newton M. Concentric or eccentric training effect on eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage.  Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002;  34 63-69
• 23 Nosaka K, Newton M. Difference in the magnitude of muscle damage between maximal and submaximal eccentric loading.  J Strength Cond Res. 2002;  16 202-208
• 24 Nosaka K, Newton M, Sacco P. Delayed-onset muscle soreness does not reflect the magnitude of eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage.  Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2002;  12 337-346
• 25 Nosaka K, Sakamoto K, Newton M, Sacco P. The repeated bout effect of reduced-load eccentric exercise on elbow flexor muscle damage.  Eur J Appl Physiol. 2001;  85 34-40
• 26 Petrella JK, Kim JS, Cross JM, Kosek DJ, Bamman MM. Efficacy of myonuclear addition may explain differential myofiber growth among resistance-trained young and older men and women.  Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2006;  291 E937-946
• 27 Ploutz-Snyder LL, Tesch PA, Dudley GA. Increased vulnerability to eccentric exercise-induced dysfunction and muscle injury after concentric training.  Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1998;  79 58-61
• 28 Pullinen T, Mero A, Huttunen P, Pakarinen A, Komi PV. Hormonal responses to a resistance exercise performed under the influence of delayed onset muscle soreness.  J Strength Cond Res. 2002;  16 383-389
• 29 Reeves GV, Kraemer RR, Hollander DB, Clavier J, Thomas C, Francois M, Castracane VD. Comparison of hormone responses following light resistance exercise with partial vascular occlusion and moderately difficult resistance exercise without occlusion.  J Appl Physiol. 2006;  101 1616-1622
• 30 Uchida MC, Nosaka K, Ugrinowitsch C, Yamashita AS, Martins Junior E, Moriscot AS, Aoki MS. Effect of bench press exercise intensity on muscle soreness and inflammatory mediators.  J Sports Sci. 2009;  27 499-507
• 31 Ugrinowitsch C, Fellingham GW, Ricard MD. Limitations of ordinary least squares models in analyzing repeated measures data.  Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004;  36 2144-2148
• 32 Whitehead NP, Allen TJ, Morgan DL, Proske U. Damage to human muscle from eccentric exercise after training with concentric exercise.  J Physiol. 1998;  512 ((Pt 2)) 615-620
• 33 Wilmore JH, Costill D. Physiology of Sport and Exercise. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics 1994: 66-89

Correspondence