Zusammenfassung
Systemerkrankungen stellen eine heterogene Gruppe von Erkrankungen dar, die sich primär oder sekundär an der Nase und den Nasennebenhöhlen manifestieren können. Obwohl die Therapie von Systemerkrankungen primär systemisch ist, können in Einzelfällen zusätzlich rhinochirurgische Maßnahmen indiziert sein. Diese beinhalten die Therapie von Komplikationen der Nasennebenhöhlen einschließlich der Orbita und der Tränenwege sowie die Korrektur von (Sattel-)Nasendeformitäten und Septumperforationen. Bei begrenzter Datenlage belegen die bisher publizierten Erfahrungen ein erfolgreiches Einheilen von autogenen Knorpel- bzw. Knochentransplantaten bei Nasendeformitäten infolge von Tuberkulose, Lepra, M. Wegener, Sarkoidose und der rezidivierenden Polychondritis. Die hierbei gewonnenen Erfahrungen sprechen dafür, dass bewährte Techniken der Septorhinoplastik auch bei Systemerkrankungen zum Einsatz kommen können. Eine essentielle Voraussetzung ist jedoch, dass rhinochirurgische Maßnahmen im Zustand der Remission bzw. Vollremission erfolgen. Bei der Korrektur von Nasendeformitäten infolge von Systemerkrankungen stellt die Implantation von autogenen Knorpel- bzw. Knochentransplantaten häufig einen wesentlichen Bestandteil des rhinochirurgischen Vorgehens dar. In ähnlicherweise werden diese Transplantatmaterialien auch zum Verschluss von Septumperforationen genutzt, sodass die Erfahrungen, die bei der Korrektur von Nasendeformitäten infolge von Systemerkrankungen gewonnen wurden, zum Teil auch für das Vorgehen bei Septumperforationen herangezogen werden können. Die Nasennebenhöhlenchirurgie kann abgesehen von der Behandlung von Komplikationen in Einzelfällen auch zur Symptomreduktion und Verbesserung der Lebensqualität bei erfolgloser systemischer Therapie beitragen.
Abstract
Nasal Surgery in Patients with Systemic Disorders
Systemic disorders represent a heterogenous group of diseases which can primarily manifest at the nose and sinuses as limited disease or secondarily as part of the systemic involvement. Rhinologists therefore play an important role in the diagnostic but also therapeutic process. Although therapy of systemic disorders is primary systemic, additional nasal surgery may become necessary. Surgical procedures include sinus surgery for the treatment of complications of the orbit and the lacrimal duct, septorhinoplasty due to saddle nose deformity and closure of septal perforation. Since many systemic disorders represent very rare diseases, recommendations are based on the analysis of single case reports and studies with a limited number of patients. Even though data is still limited, experiences published so far have shown that autogenous cartilage or bone transplants can be used in nasal reconstruction of deformities caused by tuberculosis, leprosy, wegener's granulomatosis, sarcoidosis and relapsing polychondritis. Experiences gained from these diseases support our observation that well-established techniques of septorhinoplasty can be used in systemic disorders as well. However, reaching a state of remission is an essential condition before considering any rhinosurgery in these patients. Under these circumstances revision surgery has to be expected more frequently compared to the typical collective of patients undergoing septorhinoplasty. These observations in part may also be useful for the treatment of nasal septal perforations since implantation of cartilage- or bone grafts represents an essential step in the closure of septal perforations. Apart from the treatment of orbital complications, sinus surgery has been proven beneficial in reducing nasal symptoms and increasing quality of life in patients refractory to systemic treatment.
Schlüsselwörter
Systemerkrankung - Septorhinoplastik - Septumperforation - Sattelnase - Sinusitis
Key words
systemic disorder - septorhinoplasty - nasal septal perforation - saddle nose - sinusitis
Literatur
-
1
Hup AK, Haitjema T, de Kuijper G.
Primary nasal tuberculosis.
Rhinology.
2001;
39
((1))
47-48
-
2
Prasad KC, Sreedharan S, Chakravarthy Y, Prasad SC.
Tuberculosis in the head and neck: experience in India.
J Laryngol Otol.
2007;
121
((10))
979-985
-
3
Kim YM, Kim AY, Park YH, Kim DH, Rha KS.
Eight cases of nasal tuberculosis.
Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg.
2007;
137
((3))
500-504
-
4
Choi YC, Park YS, Jeon EJ, Song SH.
The disappeared disease: tuberculosis of the nasal septum.
Rhinology.
2000;
38
((2))
90-92
-
5
Lai TY, Liu PJ, Chan LP.
Primary nasal tuberculosis presenting with septal perforation.
J Formos Med Assoc.
2007;
106
((11))
953-955
-
6
Jha D, Deka RC, Sharma MC.
Tuberculosis of the maxillary sinus manifesting as a facial abscess.
Ear Nose Throat J.
2002;
81
((2))
102-104
-
7
Tse GM, Ma TK, Chan AB.
Tuberculosis of the nasopharynx: a rare entity revisited.
Laryngoscope.
2003;
113
((4))
737-740
-
8
Al Serhani AM.
Mycobacterial infection of the head and neck: presentation and diagnosis.
Laryngoscope.
2001;
111
((11 Pt 1))
2012-2016
-
9
Kapoor N, Malik R.
Tuberculous nasal polyp.
Indian J Pathol Microbiol.
2003;
46
((2))
279
-
10
Hemmaoui B, Darouassi Y, Errami N.
Primary nasal tuberculosis: a case report.
Rev Laryngol Otol Rhinol (Bord ).
2007;
128
((3))
193-195
-
11
Alic B, Askar I.
Cutaneous tuberculosis on the nasal dorsum.
Ann Plast Surg.
2001;
47
((3))
348-349
-
12
Patrocinio LG, Goulart IM, Goulart LR, Patrocinio JA, Ferreira FR, Fleury RN.
Detection of Mycobacterium leprae in nasal mucosa biopsies by the polymerase chain reaction.
FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol.
2005;
44
((3))
311-316
-
13
Mishra A, Saito K, Barbash SE, Mishra N, Doty RL.
Olfactory dysfunction in leprosy.
Laryngoscope.
2006;
116
((3))
413-416
-
14
Gupta SC, Tiwari M, Singh KG.
Radiological and antroscopic study of maxillary antrum in multibacillary leprosy patients.
Indian J Lepr.
2004;
76
((4))
305-309
-
15
Kiris A, Karlidag T, Kocakoc E, Bozgeyik Z, Sarsilmaz M.
Paranasal sinus computed tomography findings in patients treated for lepromatous leprosy.
J Laryngol Otol.
2007;
121
((1))
15-18
-
16
Inamadar AC, Palit A, Kulkarni NH, Guggarigoudar SP, Yelikar BR.
Nodulo-ulcerative lesions over the nose.
Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol.
2004;
70
((3))
197-198
-
17
Torres-Larrosa MT, Perez-Perez LJ, Quintana Ginestar MV, Torres-Peris V, Artazkoz del Toro JJ.
[Nasal leprosy: impact of multitherapy in the morphology and physiology of the nose].
Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp.
2007;
58
((5))
182-186
-
18
Menger DJ, Fokkens WJ, Lohuis PJ, Ingels KJ, Nolst Trenite GJ.
Reconstructive surgery of the leprosy nose: a new approach.
J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg.
2007;
60
((2))
152-162
-
19
Schwarz RJ, Macdonald M.
A rational approach to nasal reconstruction in leprosy.
Plast Reconstr Surg.
2004;
114
((4))
876-882
-
20
Porter JP, Patel AA, Dewey CM, Stewart MG.
Prevalence of sinonasal symptoms in patients with HIV infection.
Am J Rhinol.
1999;
13
((3))
203-208
-
21
Prasad HK, Bhojwani KM, Shenoy V, Prasad SC.
HIV manifestations in otolaryngology.
Am J Otolaryngol.
2006;
27
((3))
179-185
-
22
Parikh SL, Venkatraman G, DelGaudio JM.
Invasive fungal sinusitis: a 15-year review from a single institution.
Am J Rhinol.
2004;
18
((2))
75-81
-
23
Alobid I, Bernal M, Menendez LM.
Sino-nasal endoscopic surgery in fungal sinusitis. Our experience.
Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp.
2002;
53
((6))
393-397
-
24
Kuo WT, Lee TJ, Chen YL, Huang CC.
Nasal septal perforation caused by invasive fungal sinusitis.
Chang Gung Med J.
2002;
25
((11))
769-773
-
25
Murphy C, Davidson TM, Jellison W. et al .
Sinonasal disease and olfactory impairment in HIV disease: endoscopic sinus surgery and outcome measures.
Laryngoscope.
2000;
110
((10 Pt 1))
1707-1710
-
26
Friedman M, Landsberg R, Tanyeri H, Schults RA, Kelanic S, Caldarelli DD.
Endoscopic sinus surgery in patients infected with HIV.
Laryngoscope.
2000;
110
((10 Pt 1))
1613-1616
-
27
Bennett AM, Patel N, Kotecha B, Al Okati A.
Septal perforation secondary to Mycobacterium kansasii infection.
J Laryngol Otol.
2003;
117
((12))
992-994
-
28
Rejali SD, Simo R, Saeed AM, de Carpentier J.
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) presenting as a nasal septal perforation.
Rhinology.
1999;
37
((2))
93-95
-
29
Kwong YL.
Natural killer-cell malignancies: diagnosis and treatment.
Leukemia.
2005;
19
((12))
2186-2194
-
30
Borges A, Fink J, Villablanca P, Eversole R, Lufkin R.
Midline destructive lesions of the sinonasal tract: simplified terminology based on histopathologic criteria.
Am J Neuroradiol.
2000;
21
((2))
331-336
-
31
Tigges G, Delank KW, Blasius S, Stoll W.
Nasal T-cell lymphoma as a differential diagnosis of the midline granuloma syndrome.
Laryngorhinootologie.
1999;
78
((3))
139-143
-
32
Huang WT, Chang KC, Huang GC. et al .
Bone marrow that is positive for Epstein-Barr virus encoded RNA-1 by in situ hybridization is related with a poor prognosis in patients with extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type.
Haematologica.
2005;
90
((8))
1063-1069
-
33
Ikeda T, Kanaya T, Matsuda A. et al .
Clinicopathologic study of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in sinonasal and hard palate regions in 15 Japanese cases.
J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec.
2005;
67
((1))
23-29
-
34
Ooi GC, Chim CS, Liang R, Tsang KW, Kwong YL.
Nasal T-cell/natural killer cell lymphoma: CT and MR imaging features of a new clinicopathologic entity.
Am J Roentgenol.
2000;
174
((4))
1141-1145
-
35
Sandner A, Kosling S, Helmbold P, Winkler M, Bloching MB, Holzhausen HJ.
Primary nasal natural killer/T-cell lymphomas: classification and clinicopathological features.
HNO.
2007;
55
((2))
93-99
-
36
Guttal SS, Patil NP, Shetye AD.
Prosthetic rehabilitation of a midfacial defect resulting from lethal midline granuloma – a clinical report.
J Oral Rehabil.
2006;
33
((11))
863-867
-
37
Jennette JC, Falk RJ, Andrassy K. et al .
Nomenclature of systemic vasculitides. Proposal of an international consensus conference.
Arthritis Rheum.
1994;
37
((2))
187-192
-
38
Reinhold-Keller E, Zeidler A, Gutfleisch J, Peter HH, Raspe HH, Gross WL.
Giant cell arteritis is more prevalent in urban than in rural populations: results of an epidemiological study of primary systemic vasculitides in Germany.
Rheumatology.
2000;
39
((12))
1396-1402
-
39
Ahmad I, Lee WC, Nagendran V, Wilson F, Shortridge RT.
Localised Wegener's granulomatosis in otolaryngology: a review of six cases.
J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec.
2000;
62
((3))
149-155
-
40
Leavitt RY, Fauci AS, Bloch DA. et al .
The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of Wegener's granulomatosis.
Arthritis Rheum.
1990;
33
((8))
1101-1107
-
41
Paulsen JI, Rudert H.
Manifestations of primary vasculitis in the ENT region.
Z Rheumatol.
2001;
60
((4))
219-225
-
42
Voswinkel J, Muller A, Lamprecht P.
Is PR3-ANCA formation initiated in Wegener's granulomatosis lesions? Granulomas as potential lymphoid tissue maintaining autoantibody production.
Ann N Y Acad Sci.
2005;
1051
12-19
-
43
Stegeman CA, Tervaert JW, Sluiter WJ, Manson WL, de Jong PE, Kallenberg CG.
Association of chronic nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus and higher relapse rates in Wegener granulomatosis.
Ann Intern Med.
1994;
120
((1))
12-17
-
44
Seo P, Stone JH.
The antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitides.
Am J Med.
2004;
117
((1))
39-50
-
45
Gubbels SP, Barkhuizen A, Hwang PH.
Head and neck manifestations of Wegener's granulomatosis.
Otolaryngol Clin North Am.
2003;
36
((4))
685-705
-
46
McDonald TJ, DeRemee RA.
Wegener's granulomatosis.
Laryngoscope.
1983;
93
((2))
220-231
-
47
Tami TA.
Granulomatous diseases and chronic rhinosinusitis.
Otolaryngol Clin North Am.
2005;
38
((6))
1267-1278
, x
-
48
Kridel RW.
Considerations in the etiology, treatment, and repair of septal perforations.
Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am.
2004;
12
((4))
435-450
-
49
Sproson EL, Jones NS, Al Deiri M, Lanyon P.
Lessons learnt in the management of Wegener's Granulomatosis: long-term follow-up of 60 patients.
Rhinology.
2007;
45
((1))
63-67
-
50
Cannady SB, Batra PS, Koening C. et al .
Sinonasal Wegener granulomatosis: A single-institution experience with 120 cases.
Laryngoscope.
2009;
119
((4))
757-761
-
51
Rasmussen N.
Management of the ear, nose, and throat manifestations of Wegener granulomatosis: an otorhinolaryngologist's perspective.
Curr Opin Rheumatol.
2001;
13
((1))
3-11
-
52
Erickson VR, Hwang PH.
Wegener's granulomatosis: current trends in diagnosis and management.
Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg.
2007;
15
((3))
170-176
-
53
Congdon D, Sherris DA, Specks U, McDonald T.
Long-term follow-up of repair of external nasal deformities in patients with Wegener's granulomatosis.
Laryngoscope.
2002;
112
((4))
731-737
-
54
Duffy Jr FJ, Rossi RM, Pribaz JJ.
Reconstruction of Wegener's nasal deformity using bilateral facial artery musculomucosal flaps.
Plast Reconstr Surg.
1998;
101
((5))
1330-1333
-
55
Nishiike S, Kato T, Nagai M, Konishi M, Sakata Y.
Management and follow-up of localized Wegener's granulomatosis: a review of five cases.
Acta Otolaryngol.
2004;
124
((9))
1103-1108
-
56
Shipchandler TZ, Chung BJ, Alam DS.
Saddle nose deformity reconstruction with a split calvarial bone L-shaped strut.
Arch Facial Plast Surg.
2008;
10
((5))
305-311
-
57
Unkel C, Witzke O, Wanke I, Jahnke K, Fischer M.
Wegener's granulomatosis and orbital complications of sino-nasal origin.
Laryngorhinootologie.
2007;
86
((7))
520-523
-
58
Kwan AS, Rose GE.
Lacrimal drainage surgery in Wegener's granulomatosis.
Br J Ophthalmol.
2000;
84
((3))
329-331
-
59
Wong RJ, Gliklich RE, Rubin PA, Goodman M.
Bilateral nasolacrimal duct obstruction managed with endoscopic techniques.
Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg.
1998;
124
((6))
703-706
-
60
Reinhold-Keller E, Herlyn K, Wagner-Bastmeyer R, Gross WL.
Stable incidence of primary systemic vasculitides over five years: results from the German vasculitis register.
Arthritis Rheum.
2005;
53
((1))
93-99
-
61
Metaxaris G, Prokopakis EP, Karatzanis AD. et al .
Otolaryngologic manifestations of small vessel vasculitis.
Auris Nasus Larynx.
2002;
29
((4))
353-356
-
62
Burkett PR.
Sinusitis and polyarteritis nodosa.
Ear Nose Throat J.
1985;
64
((3))
127-129
-
63
Oristrell SJ, Bosch Gil JA, Valdes OM, Knobel FH.
Polyarteritis nodosa and perforation of the nasal septum.
Med Clin (Barc).
1985;
84
((16))
673-674
-
64
Kokan N, Hosomi Y, Inamoto S, Ohnishi K, Tanimoto H, Nibu K.
Microscopic polyangiitis histologically confirmed by biopsy from nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses: a case report.
Rheumatol Int.
2006;
26
((10))
936-938
-
65
Braam B, Goldschmeding R, Derksen RH, van Asbeck BS.
Clinical thinking and decision-making in practice. A patient with arthritis, skin lesions and a perforated nasal septum.
Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd.
1999;
143
((32))
1653-1658
-
66
Reinhold-Keller E, Herlyn K, Wagner-Bastmeyer R. et al .
No difference in the incidences of vasculitides between north and south Germany: first results of the German vasculitis register.
Rheumatology.
2002;
41
((5))
540-549
-
67
Masi AT, Hunder GG, Lie JT. et al .
The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of Churg-Strauss syndrome (allergic granulomatosis and angiitis).
Arthritis Rheum.
1990;
33
((8))
1094-1100
-
68
Srouji I, Lund V, Andrews P, Edwards C.
Rhinologic symptoms and quality-of-life in patients with Churg-Strauss syndrome vasculitis.
Am J Rhinol.
2008;
22
((4))
406-409
-
69
Bacciu A, Bacciu S, Mercante G. et al .
Ear, nose and throat manifestations of Churg-Strauss syndrome.
Acta Otolaryngol.
2006;
126
((5))
503-509
-
70
Olsen KD, Neel III HB, DeRemee RA, Weiland LH.
Nasal manifestations of allergic granulomatosis and angiitis (Churg-Strauss syndrome).
Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg.
1980;
88
((1))
85-89
-
71
Trittel C, Moller J, Euler HH, Werner JA.
Churg-Strauss syndrome. A differential diagnosis in chronic polypoid sinusitis.
Laryngorhinootologie.
1995;
74
((9))
577-580
-
72
Scharkoff T.
Epidemiology of sarcoidosis.
Pneumologie.
1993;
47
((10))
588-592
-
73
Kleemann D, Nofz S, Schlottmann A, Hocker I, Stengel B.
Sinonasal sarcoidosis.
HNO.
2007;
55
((12))
956-960
-
74
Zeitlin JF, Tami TA, Baughman R, Winget D.
Nasal and sinus manifestations of sarcoidosis.
Am J Rhinol.
2000;
14
((3))
157-161
-
75
deShazo RD, O'Brien MM, Justice WK, Pitcock J.
Diagnostic criteria for sarcoidosis of the sinuses.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
1999;
103
((5 Pt 1))
789-795
-
76
Braun JJ, Gentine A, Pauli G.
Sinonasal sarcoidosis: review and report of fifteen cases.
Laryngoscope.
2004;
114
((11))
1960-1963
-
77
Long CM, Smith TL, Loehrl TA, Komorowski RA, Toohill RJ.
Sinonasal disease in patients with sarcoidosis.
Am J Rhinol.
2001;
15
((3))
211-215
-
78
Colden DG, Busaba NY.
Sarcoidosis presenting as recurrent nasal polyps.
Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg.
2000;
123
((4))
519-521
-
79
Dessouky OY.
Isolated sinonasal sarcoidosis with intracranial extension: case report.
Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital.
2008;
28
((6))
306-308
-
80
Fergie N, Jones NS, Downes RN, Bingham BJ.
Dacryocystorhinostomy in nasolacrimal duct obstruction secondary to sarcoidosis.
Orbit.
1999;
18
((3))
217-222
-
81
Lowry TR.
Sarcoidosis of nasal ala and lower lip.
Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg.
2004;
131
((1))
142
-
82
Kay DJ, Har-El G.
The role of endoscopic sinus surgery in chronic sinonasal sarcoidosis.
Am J Rhinol.
2001;
15
((4))
249-254
-
83
Marks SC, Goodman RS.
Surgical management of nasal and sinus sarcoidosis.
Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg.
1998;
118
((6))
856-858
-
84 Luthra HS. Relapsing Polychondritis. In: Klippel JH, Diepa PA, editors. Rheumatology, 2nd ed.. St. Louis: Mosby; 1998: 1-4
-
85
McAdam LP, O'Hanlan MA, Bluestone R, Pearson CM.
Relapsing polychondritis: prospective study of 23 patients and a review of the literature.
Medicine (Baltimore).
1976;
55
((3))
193-215
-
86
Damiani JM, Levine HL.
Relapsing polychondritis – report of ten cases.
Laryngoscope.
1979;
89
((6 Pt 1))
929-946
-
87
Rapini RP, Warner NB.
Relapsing polychondritis.
Clin Dermatol.
2006;
24
((6))
482-485
-
88
Haug MD, Witt P, Kalbermatten FD, Rieger UM, Schaefer DJ, Pierer G.
Severe respiratory dysfunction in a patient with relapsing polychondritis: should we treat the saddle nose deformity?.
J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg.
2008;
-
89
Torossian JM, Dumas V, Allias F, Ninet J, Beziat JL.
[Nasal involvement in atrophic polychondritis.
A case report]. Ann Chir Plast Esthet.
1999;
44
((3))
262-265
-
90
Bell D, Wright D, Witt PD.
Durability of nasal reconstruction in an adolescent with relapsing polychondritis treated with infliximab.
Plast Reconstr Surg.
2007;
120
((4))
1087-1088
-
91
Uramoto KM, Michet Jr CJ, Thumboo J, Sunku J, O'Fallon WM, Gabriel SE.
Trends in the incidence and mortality of systemic lupus erythematosus, 1950–1992.
Arthritis Rheum.
1999;
42
((1))
46-50
-
92
Hochberg MC.
Updating the American College of Rheumatology revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus.
Arthritis Rheum.
1997;
40
((9))
1725
-
93
Mascarenhas R, Tellechea O, Oliveira H, Reis JP, Cordeiro M, Migueis J.
Nasal septum perforation as the presenting sign of lupus erythematosus.
Dermatol Online J.
2005;
11
((2))
12
-
94
Rahman P, Gladman DD, Urowitz MB.
Nasal-septal perforation in systemic lupus erythematosus – time for a closer look.
J Rheumatol.
1999;
26
((8))
1854-1855
-
95
Timmer A, Breuer-Katschinski B, Goebell H.
Time trends in the incidence and disease location of Crohn's disease 1980–1995: a prospective analysis in an urban population in Germany.
Inflamm Bowel Dis.
1999;
5
((2))
79-84
-
96
Bradley PJ, Ferlito A, Devaney KO, Rinaldo A.
Crohn's disease manifesting in the head and neck.
Acta Otolaryngol.
2004;
124
((3))
237-241
-
97
Ulnick KM, Perkins J.
Extraintestinal Crohn's disease: case report and review of the literature.
Ear Nose Throat J.
2001;
80
((2))
97-100
-
98
Book DT, Smith TL, McNamar JP, Saeian K, Binion DG, Toohill RJ.
Chronic sinonasal disease in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
Am J Rhinol.
2003;
17
((2))
87-90
-
99
Ernst A, Preyer S, Plauth M, Jenss H.
Polypoid pansinusitis in an unusual, extra-intestinal manifestation of Crohn disease.
HNO.
1993;
41
((1))
33-36
-
100
Ferjaoui M, Kooli H, Najeh D, Hajri H.
Nasal localization of the Crohn's disease.
Rev Laryngol Otol Rhinol (Bord ).
1999;
120
((5))
341-342
-
101
Kinnear WJ.
Crohn's disease affecting the nasal mucosa.
J Otolaryngol.
1985;
14
((6))
399-400
-
102
Kriskovich MD, Kelly SM, Jackson WD.
Nasal septal perforation: a rare extraintestinal manifestation of Crohn's disease.
Ear Nose Throat J.
2000;
79
((7))
520-523
-
103
Merkonidis C, Verma S, Salam MA.
Saddle nose deformity in a patient with Crohn's disease.
J Laryngol Otol.
2005;
119
((7))
573-576
-
104
Pochon N, Dulguerov P, Widgren S.
Nasal manifestations of Crohn's disease.
Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg.
1995;
113
((6))
813-815
-
105
Venail F, Garrel R, Corpelet D. et al .
Nasal involvement in Crohn's disease: report of a case and diagnostic difficulties of systemic diseases affecting the nose.
Rev Laryngol Otol Rhinol (Bord ).
2002;
123
((3))
179-184
-
106
Eloy P, Leruth E, Goffart Y. et al .
Sinonasal involvement as a rare extraintestinal manifestation of Crohn's disease.
Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol.
2007;
264
((1))
103-108
-
107
Ghandour K, Issa M.
Oral Crohn's disease with late intestinal manifestations.
Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol.
1991;
72
((5))
565-567
-
108
Sari S, Dalgic B, Yilmaz M, Poyraz A.
Nasal septal perforation in an adolescent girl with Crohn's disease: a rare extraintestinal manifestation.
Dig Dis Sci.
2007;
52
((5))
1285-1287
-
109
Akikusa JD, Schneider R.
Saddle nose deformity in a patient with Crohn's disease.
J Laryngol Otol.
2006;
120
((3))
253-254
-
110
Kryssia RC, Henry ZB.
Nasal septum perforation: rare manifestation of Crohn's disease.
Indian J Gastroenterol.
2006;
25
((4))
214
-
111 Timmer A, Epidemiologie der CED. In: Hoffmann JC, Kroesen AJ, Klump B, editors Chronisch entzündliche Darmerkrankungen: Das CED-Handbuch für Klinik und Praxis.. Stuttgart, New York: Thieme; 2004: 8-19
-
112
Yang PC, Liu T, Wang BQ. et al .
Rhinosinusitis derived Staphylococcal enterotoxin B possibly associates with pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis.
BMC Gastroenterol.
2005;
5
28
-
113
Bachmeyer C, Laurette F, Coutarel P, Cadranel JF, Mougeot-Martin M.
Perforation of the nasal septum in hemorrhagic rectocolitis.
Presse Med.
1996;
25
((38))
1890
-
114
Kuhnel TS, Wagner BH, Schurr CP, Strutz J.
Clinical strategy in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia.
Am J Rhinol.
2005;
19
((5))
508-513
-
115
Folz BJ, Tennie J, Lippert BM, Werner JA.
Natural history and control of epistaxis in a group of German patients with Rendu-Osler-Weber disease.
Rhinology.
2005;
43
((1))
40-46
-
116
Hitchings AE, Lennox PA, Lund VJ, Howard DJ.
The effect of treatment for epistaxis secondary to hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia.
Am J Rhinol.
2005;
19
((1))
75-78
-
117
Geisthoff UW, Schneider G, Fischinger J, Plinkert PK.
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (Osler's disease). An interdisciplinary challenge.
HNO.
2002;
50
((2))
114-128
-
118
Sadick H, Riedel F, Oulmi J, Hormann K, Bergler WF.
Argon plasma coagulation and topically applied estriol. Long-term results in the treatment of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia of the nasal mucosa.
HNO.
2003;
51
((2))
118-124
-
119
Sadick H, Naim R, Oulmi J, Hormann K, Bergler W.
Plasma surgery and topical estriol: effects on the nasal mucosa and long-term results in patients with Osler's disease.
Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg.
2003;
129
((3))
233-238
-
120
Shah RK, Dhingra JK, Shapshay SM.
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: a review of 76 cases.
Laryngoscope.
2002;
112
((5))
767-773
-
121
Harvey RJ, Kanagalingam J, Lund VJ.
The impact of septodermoplasty and potassium-titanyl-phosphate (KTP) laser therapy in the treatment of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia-related epistaxis.
Am J Rhinol.
2008;
22
((2))
182-187
-
122
Elden L, Montanera W, Terbrugge K, Willinsky R, Lasjaunias P, Charles D.
Angiographic embolization for the treatment of epistaxis: a review of 108 cases.
Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg.
1994;
111
((1))
44-50
-
123
Ricci G, Molini E, Hamam M. et al .
Treatment of severe epistaxis by superselective embolization: a review of 22 cases.
Rev Laryngol Otol Rhinol (Bord ).
2004;
125
((4))
247-251
-
124
Golding-Wood PH.
The role of arterial ligation in intractable epistaxis.
J Laryngol Otol Suppl.
1983;
8
120-122
-
125
Levine CG, Ross DA, Henderson KJ, Leder SB, White Jr RI.
Long-term complications of septal dermoplasty in patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia.
Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg.
2008;
138
((6))
721-724
-
126
Fiorella ML, Ross D, Henderson KJ, White Jr RI.
Outcome of septal dermoplasty in patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia.
Laryngoscope.
2005;
115
((2))
301-305
-
127
Lesnik GT, Ross DA, Henderson KJ, Joe JK, Leder SB, White Jr RI.
Septectomy and septal dermoplasty for the treatment of severe transfusion-dependent epistaxis in patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia and septal perforation.
Am J Rhinol.
2007;
21
((3))
312-315
-
128
Gluckman JL, Portugal LG.
Modified Young's procedure for refractory epistaxis due to hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia.
Laryngoscope.
1994;
104
((9))
1174-1177
-
129
Hosni AA, Innes AJ.
Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia: Young's procedure in the management of epistaxis.
J Laryngol Otol.
1994;
108
((9))
754-757
-
130
Serrano E, Percodani J, Pessey JJ.
Bilateral closure of the nasal cavity. An original surgical technique of treatment of severe recurrent epistaxis in Rendu-Osler disease.
Ann Otolaryngol Chir Cervicofac.
1998;
115
((3))
169-173
-
131
Romo III T, Sclafani AP, Falk AN, Toffel PH.
A graduated approach to the repair of nasal septal perforations.
Plast Reconstr Surg.
1999;
103
((1))
66-75
-
132 Rettinger G. Eingriffe an der Nase.. In: Theissing J, Rettinger G, Werner JA, Hrsg. HNO-Operationslehre. Stuttgart - New York: Thieme; 2006. 46
-
133
Riechelmann H, Rettinger G.
Three-step reconstruction of complex saddle nose deformities.
Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg.
2004;
130
((3))
334-338
-
134 Kastenbauer ER. Rekonstruktive Chirurgie an der äußeren Nase.. In: Naumann HH, Hrsg. Kopf- und Hals-Chirurgie. Stuttgart – New York: Thieme; 1995. 303
-
135 Sheen JH. Secondary rhinoplasty.. In: Sheen JH, Hrsg. Plastic surgery. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co; 1990. 1895
-
136
Ortiz-Monasterio F, Olmedo A, Oscoy LO.
The use of cartilage grafts in primary aesthetic rhinoplasty.
Plast Reconstr Surg.
1981;
67
((5))
597-605
-
137
Daniel RK.
Rhinoplasty: septal saddle nose deformity and composite reconstruction.
Plast Reconstr Surg.
2007;
119
((3))
1029-1043
-
138
Lovice DB, Mingrone MD, Toriumi DM.
Grafts amd implants in rhinoplasty and nasal reconstruction.
Otolaryngol Clin North Am.
1999;
32
((1))
113-141
-
139
Vuyk HD, Adamson PA.
Biomaterials in rhinoplasty.
Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci.
1998;
23
((3))
209-217
-
140
Godin MS, Waldman SR, Johnson Jr CM.
Nasal augmentation using Gore-Tex. A 10-year experience.
Arch Facial Plast Surg.
1999;
1
((2))
118-121
-
141
Andre RF, Lohuis PJ, Vuyk HD.
Nasal septum perforation repair using differently designed, bilateral intranasal flaps, with nonopposing suture lines.
J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg.
2006;
59
((8))
829-834
-
142
Toriumi DM.
Autogenous grafts are worth the extra time.
Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg.
2000;
126
((4))
562-564
-
143
Parker PJ.
Grafts in rhinoplasty: alloplastic vs. autogenous.
Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg.
2000;
126
((4))
558-561
-
144
Pedroza F, Patrocinio LG, Arevalo O.
A review of 25-year experience of nasal septal perforation repair.
Arch Facial Plast Surg.
2007;
9
((1))
12-18
-
145
Ribeiro JS, da Silva GS.
Technical advances in the correction of septal perforation associated with closed rhinoplasty.
Arch Facial Plast Surg.
2007;
9
((5))
321-327
-
146
Goh AY, Hussain SS.
Different surgical treatments for nasal septal perforation and their outcomes.
J Laryngol Otol.
2007;
121
((5))
419-426
-
147
Dosen LK, Haye R.
Nasal septal perforation 1981–2005: changes in etiology, gender and size.
BMC Ear Nose Throat Disord.
2007;
7
1
-
148
Cogswell LK, Goodacre TE.
The management of nasoseptal perforation.
Br J Plast Surg.
2000;
53
((2))
117-120
-
149
Foda HM.
The one-stage rhinoplasty septal perforation repair.
J Laryngol Otol.
1999;
113
((8))
728-733
-
150
Fairbanks DN, Fairbanks GR.
Nasal septal perforation: prevention and management.
Ann Plast Surg.
1980;
5
((6))
452-459
-
151
Gottschlich S, Ambrosch P, Kramkowski D. et al .
Head and neck manifestations of Wegener's granulomatosis.
Rhinology.
2006;
44
((4))
227-233
Korrespondenzadresse
Dr. med. F. Sachse
HNO-Klinik und Poliklinik Universitätsklinikum
Münster
Kardinal von Galen Ring 10
48149 Münster
eMail: sachsef@mednet.uni-muenster.de
